National Geographic 2015年第11期.pdf

NOVEMBER 2015EXPLORER Bill Nye s Global MeltdownSunday,November 1 on the National Geographic ChannelThe Climate IssueDelivering seeds in BrazilCargill is working with The Nature Conservancy to help farmers in northern Brazil restore deforested lands and grow cocoa in the shade of the forest canopy,boosting biodiversity.In 2014,120,000 cocoa seeds and 74,000 banana seedlings were delivered to farmers.Awarding premiums in IndonesiaWe ve given$1 million to 8,800 smallholder farmers across 18 cooperatives in South Sumatra,Indonesia,awarding them for their use of sustainable harvesting methods.Training farmers in South AmericaWe ve helped 1,000 farmers update their operations in Argentina and Paraguay with sustainable production practicesincluding compliance with rules limiting deforestation,reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving labor conditions.The world s forests are a source of abundance.They shelter biodiversity,provide food and natural resources,absorb greenhouse gases and regulate the climate.Today,the challenge is to protect our forests while working to feed 9 billion people by 2050.For more than a decade,Cargill has been working to decrease deforestation.In Brazil,we ve teamed with businesses,non-profits and others to implement the Brazilian Soy Moratorium,a voluntary effort that has helped reduce deforestation rates in the Amazon by over 80%.On the other side of the globe in Indonesia and Malaysia,we re taking steps along with other organizations to help build a sustainable global supply chain for palm oil.And as a signatory to The New York Declaration on Forests,we re now united with more than 40 companies,30 governments and dozens of civil society groups to reach big goals:halving deforestation by 2020 and ending it by 2030.Benito Guerrero of The Nature Conservancy inspects a native Amazon ype tree as part of the sustainable soy program in Brazil.Seeing the forest for the treesLearn more at JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETYSurvival Guide 1 From signing global accords to building tiny houses,climate change antidotes come in all sizes.The Will to ChangeIf Germany can ditch fossil fuels,maybe,just maybe,other countries can too.By Robert Kunzig Photographs by Luca LocatelliA Blueprint for a Carbon-Free AmericaOne man thinks the U.S.can switch to clean,renewable energy.Can his dream come true?By Craig Welch Graphics by Jason TreatPower to the PeopleSolar energy is bringing light to countries still living mostly in the dark.By Michael Edison Hayden Photographs by Rubn Salgado EscuderoOn the Cover Photo by Robert Simmon,NASA Earth Observatory/NOAA/DODCorrections and Clarifications Go to Guide 2Higher heat,wilder weather,warmer water.Face it,things are changing,and well have to adapt.Melting AwayIce is fading in Greenland and with it ancient hunting traditions in small villages.By Tim Folger Photographs by Ciril JazbecAgainst the TideAs seas rise,residents of the island nation of Kiribati fight to keep their culture afloat.By Kennedy Warne Photographs by Kadir van LohuizenWho Will Thrive?A warming planet will affect every living species.Which ones will make the cut?By Jennifer S.Holland Photographs by Joel SartorePulse of the PlanetEarth is clearly stressed out.New sensors allow scientists to track its vital signs in real time.By Peter Miller 183264748698120136146november 2015 vol.228 no.5How to Fix ItHow to Live With ItThe Climate IssueThe Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Plant in Tonopah,Nevada,will produce enough elec-tricity to power 75,000 homes,whether or not the sun is shining.Story on page 64.PHOTO:JAMEY STILLINGSFROM THE EDITORClimate ChangePHOTO(BOTTOM LEFT):BRANDON HILLSusan Goldberg,Editor in Chief Of Coverage and CoversFor some people,the subject of climate change is top of mind:They are passionately interested,want to learn everything they can,and are motivated to reduce their carbon footprint.Theyll like this issue.Then there are other folks.There are some who deny climate change is happening at all(about 25 percent of Americans in some polls)and others who feel about climate change the way I do about the tax code or car repairthey know they should care,but please,spare them the details.They also believe they cant do a thing to affect the outcome anyway.These are the people we thought about every day in putting together this months print and digital magazine,which is devoted to exploring climate change and timed to coincide with the global climate conference in Paris.“The problem with climate change is that its very large,and as individuals,we seem quite small against it,so its easy for people to feel disempowered.”Thats what Bill McKibben says,and he should know:Hes the writer,environmentalist,and activist whose 1989 book,The End of Nature,introduced climate change to a general audience.A generation later,McKibben says,he is seeing a break-through.Not only is the scientific evidence compelling and much discussed2015 is expected to be the hottest year on record,with 2014 the hotte