绚丽天宫：九霄上的实验室.pdf

CMYCMMYCYCMYK绚丽天宫.pdf 1 2016/9/6 14:33:18绚丽天宫九霄上的实验室杨 扬 陈梦云 曹 骞 编著北 京顾 问顾逸东 周建平总策划高 铭作 者杨 扬 陈梦云 曹 骞项目组成员（按姓氏拼音字母排序）贾艳梅 孔 健 吕从民 乔志宏陶 新 Vladimir Pletser 王 强肖 潇 杨 吉 赵琳娜 钟红恩特约编辑Luna编委会 中国载人航天工程于 1992 年开始实施，是继“两弹一星”后，实现中华民族伟大复兴的重大工程，承载着 中国梦、航天梦。我国载人航天工程按照“三步走”的发展战略，已发射载人飞船，突破航天员出舱活动技术、空间飞行器的交会对接技术，并已发射空间实验室，解决了有一定规模的、短期有人照料的空间应用问题。天宫二号空间实验室将是中国载人航天工程第二步的完美收官，具有里程碑意义。天宫二号是继天宫一号之后，以实施空间科学和应用实验、空间技术试验为主要目标的空间实验室，学科领域涵盖微重力基础物理、空间天文观测、空间生命科学、空间材料科学等，航天员也将直接参与到科学实验中。它继往开来，为未来我国在载人空间站上开展较大规模、长期有人照料的空间应用积累技术和经验。天宫二号搭载五十余部科学应用载荷，将在轨开展十余项科学和应用实验，探索国际科技前沿。全球第一台空间冷原子钟，能将航天器自主守时精度提高两个数量级；与欧洲空间局合作的伽玛暴偏振探测实验，可在空间中观测伽玛暴爆发及瞬变现象，在伽玛暴本质、宇宙结构、起源和演化等天体物理研究领域取得突破；空间生命科学研究，探究空间环境下高等植物的生长发育规律，获得微重力条件下植物的光周期诱导开花规律、调控机理等科学成果；量子密钥分配实验，保持我国在先进量子调控科学领域的领先地位。除此之外，天宫二号上还将开展多角度宽波段成像、多波段紫外临边成像、三维微波成像高度测量、综合精密定轨、液桥热毛细对流、综合材料实验、空间环境探测、伴随卫星等多项科学和应用实验。绚丽天宫：九霄上的实验室采用彩色插图、实物照片，配以精炼的中英文介绍，以生动简明的形式将我国天宫二号空间实验室的科学应用任务展现给读者。本书主要编写人员有着长期从事载人航天应用任务管理和实践的经验。在本书的制作过程中，得到了 中国载人航天工程总设计师周建平院士，载人航天空间应用系统前总指挥、总设计师顾逸东院士的指导，并为本书提出了宝贵的意见，在此表示衷心的感谢。中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心主任中国载人航天空间应用系统总指挥序Director General of the Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization,Chinese Academy of SciencesChief Commander of Utilization System of China Manned Space Program China Manned Space Program was launched in 1992,and is one of the National Science and Technology Major Programs to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,bearing the China Dream,the Space Dream.Following the Three-step Strategy,China Manned Space Program has launched manned spaceships,mastered the technology of extravehicular activities as well as space rendezvous and docking,launched the space laboratory,settled space utilization of a certain scale with man-tending on short-term basis.Tiangong-II space laboratory marks the consummate completion of the second step.Tiangong-II space laboratory has scientifi c research,utilization and technology testing as primary goals.Various disciplines are covered,such as fundamental physics,astronomy,life science,space material science,etc.The astronauts will take part in these experiments in-orbit.The experience and knowledge gained on Tiangong-II will be key guidance for the space utilization on the Chinese Space Station in the near future.Tiangong-II accommodates more than fi fty scientifi c instruments to conduct more than ten projects in-orbit,exploring the frontier of science and technology.The fi rst space cold atomic clock in the world increases the autonomous punctual accuracy of spacecraft by two orders of magnitude.Gamma-ray burst polarimetry,in cooperation with the European Space Agency,will make breakthrough discoveries in revealing the nature of gamma-ray bursts,as well as the origin and evolution of the universe.Space life science experiments studies the laws of higher plants growth and development in space environment.The quantum key distribution experiment consolidates China s leading position in advanced quantum manipulation science.In addition,a number of scientifi c and utilization projects would be carried out,such as multi-angle polarization and wide band spectral imaging,multiband limb UV spectral imaging,interferometric imaging radar altimetry,precise orbit determination,thermocapillary convection,multiple materials experiment,space environment monitoring and concomitant satellite.In Gorgeous Sky Palace,introductory texts in both Chinese and English languages supported by color illustrations and actual pictures are presented,introducing the readers to the utilization of Tiangong-II in a living and concise way.The authors are experienced in project management and engineering of the manned space utilization.During the composing of this book,the Chief Designer of China Manned Space Program,Academician Zhou Jianping,and the former Chief Commander and Chief Designer of the utilization system in China Manned Space Program,Academician Gu Yidong,put forward valuable advice and guidance.We extend our heartfelt appreciation to them.Preface绚丽天宫6整个银河条带中最明亮、恒星最密集的一片区域，拥有非常丰富的星团、星云，以及弥漫的尘埃。The brightest and densest region in the Milky Way,populated with star clusters,nebulae and dispersed with interstellar dust.天 蝎座心宿二周围，黄色、蓝色反射恒星光芒的尘埃云和红色电离发光的发射星云，色彩丰富，遂以调色盘著称。Around the Scorpio Antares,there is a colorful region with yellow,blue dust clouds refl ecting stars light,and red emission nebula formed by ionized hydrogen.Next to the galactic center and rich of color,this region is known as starry palette.银心Galactic Center星空调色盘Starry Palette该图片由中国科学院国家天文台兴隆观测站特聘天文摄影师王卓骁提供 Image courtesy of astrophotographer Wang Zhuoxiao from Xinglong Observatory,National Ast ronomical Observato-ries,Chinese Academy of Sciences.7从直立行走到石器时代结束，人类用了将近 400 万年，而从建立最早文明到进入太空，只用了不到 6500 年。It took almost 4 million years for human beings to evolve from walking to mastering the use of tools,while it took merely less than 6.5 thousand years to go from establishing original culture to space exploration.绚丽天宫82003 年 10 月 15 日，北京时间上午 9 时，航天员杨利伟乘坐神舟五号飞船从酒泉发射场进入太空，历时 21 小时，于 10 月 16 日 6 时 23 分安全返