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城市
土壤
重金属
时空
变化
确定
启示
北京市
夏星辉
第 43 卷第 3 期2023 年 3 月Vol.43,No.3Mar.,2023环境科学学报Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae城市土壤重金属的时空变化特征对土壤重金属背景值确定的启示:以北京市为例夏星辉1,*,张真瑞1,张效颖2,唐振强2,李雅媛2,邹本东3,荆红卫3,李凯璇1,张青1,刘少达11.北京师范大学环境学院,水沙科学教育部重点实验室,水环境模拟国家重点实验室,北京 1008752.北京市污染源管理事务中心,北京 1000893.北京市生态环境监测中心,北京 100048摘要:城市土壤中各种重金属的含量受人为活动的强烈影响,且城市建成区和非建成区人口密度和人类活动等差异显著.因此,城市土壤背景值的确定可能不同于非城市土壤,但目前相关研究短缺.为此,本研究选取北京市土壤中砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅和锌等重金属为重点研究对象,研究近30年来北京市建成区和非建成区表层(020 cm)土壤重金属的时空变化规律及影响因素.结果表明,除受人为活动影响外,表层土壤中重金属含量与土壤理化性质相关,粒径较小、有机碳含量和阳离子交换量较高的土壤重金属含量较高.2019年北京市建成区表层土壤中铜和汞含量显著高于非建成区(p0.05).近10年来,北京市建成区表层土壤重金属含量呈下降趋势;但近30年来,非建成区表层土壤重金属含量呈 上升趋势.尽管采样点都远离了明显的污染源,但建成区和非建成区表层土壤重金属的时空分布存在明显差异,因此,需要分别研究建成区和非建成区的土壤背景值,在建成区远离明显污染源采样点所获得的重金属元素含量可以作为建成区土壤的背景值,用于评价城市建成区土壤是否受工厂、企业、加油站和交通等明显污染源的影响.研究结果为获取城市建成区土壤重金属背景值提供了方法参考,为城市土壤重金属质量标准的制定提供了科学依据.关键词:土壤;重金属;背景值;建成区和非建成区;城市;北京文章编号:0253-2468(2023)03-0438-10 中图分类号:X53 文献标识码:AImplications of spatial and temporal variation characteristics of heavy metals in urban soil for the determination of soil heavy metal background values:A case study for BeijingXIA Xinghui1,*,ZHANG Zhenrui1,ZHANG Xiaoying2,TANG Zhenqiang2,LI Yayuan2,ZOU Bendong3,JING Hongwei3,LI Kaixuan1,ZHANG Qing1,LIU Shaoda11.State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation,Key Laboratory of Hydrology and Sediment Science,Ministry of Education,School of Environment,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 1008752.Beijing Municipal Pollution Source Management Center,Beijing 1000893.Beijing Municipal Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center,Beijing 100048Abstract:The content of heavy metals in city soil is strongly affected by human activities,and the population density and human activities are significantly different between urban areas and suburban areas of cities.Therefore,the background values of city soil may be different from that of other soil,however,the limited study focus on the background values of city soil.The study chose the heavy metals such as As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn in the soil of Beijing as research objects to understand the spatiotemporal changes and influencing factors of heavy metals in topsoil(020 cm)of urban and suburban areas in Beijing.The results indicated that the content of heavy metals in topsoil was related to soil physicochemical properties in addition to the influence of human activities;the content of heavy metals was higher in the soil with smaller particle size,higher organic carbon content DOI:10.13671/j.hjkxxb.2022.0289夏星辉,张真瑞,张效颖,等.2023.城市土壤重金属的时空变化特征对土壤重金属背景值确定的启示:以北京市为例 J.环境科学学报,43(3):438-447XIA Xinghui,ZHANG Zhenrui,ZHANG Xiaoying,et al.2023.Implications of spatial and temporal variation characteristics of heavy metals in urban soil for the determination of soil heavy metal background values:A case study for Beijing J.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,43(3):438-447收稿日期:2022-07-06 修回日期:2022-08-15 录用日期:2022-08-16基金项目:国家重点研发计划(No.2017YFA0605001)作者简介:夏星辉(1971),教授,E-mail:;*责任作者3 期夏星辉等:城市土壤重金属的时空变化特征对土壤重金属背景值确定的启示:以北京市为例and cation exchange capacity.The content of Cu and Hg in the topsoil of the urban areas of Beijing was significantly higher than those in suburban areas(p0.05).The content of heavy metals decreased in the topsoil of urban areas in Beijing over the past decades,however,the concentrations of heavy metals increased in the topsoil of suburban areas over the past three decades.Although the sampling sites were far from obvious pollution sources,the spatiotemporal distribution of heavy metals was significantly different between urban areas and suburban areas in Beijing,which indicated that it is necessary to study the background values of soil in urban and suburban areas respectively.The content of heavy metals from the sampling sites which were far from obvious pollution sources in urban areas can be regarded as the background value of the soil in urban areas to evaluate the influence of pollution sources such as factories,enterprises,gas stations and traffic.This study provides a reference method for obtaining the soil background value of urban areas and a scientific basis for the establishment of heavy metal quality standard in urban soil.Keywords:soil;heavy metals;background values;urban and suburban areas;city;Beijing1引言(Introduction)土壤是大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈各个部分彼此联系和相互作用的重要圈层(李勖之等,2022),也是重金属和有毒有机物等污染物的重要储存场所.由矿床开采、金属冶炼、化石能源燃烧、化学品和农药的使用、交通运输等活动产生的重金属可以通过等多种途径进入土壤(Wu et al.,2010;Khudur et al.,2018).进入土壤中的重金属可以通过直接暴露以及生物积累和食物链传递等途径进入人体,威胁人体健康(Hou et al.,2013;Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi et al.,2021).土壤重金属污染是我国面临的重要环境问题,其中,确定土壤重金属背景值,并据此制定土壤重金属质量标准是评价土壤环境质量和开展土壤污染防治的前提和基础.土壤背景值是指土壤在自然成土过程中不受或少受人类活动影响的土壤中元素或化合物的含量(Reimann et al.,2005),可以作为确立土壤环境质量标准的重要依据(吴颐杭等,2022).20世纪80年代,我国在全国范围内开展了土壤重金属背景值的调查,其结果整理并出版了 中国土壤元素背景值 一书,在土地合理开发利用和污染防治等方面发挥着重要的作用.然而,土壤中重金属背景值具有区域性的特征,受土壤类型和成土母质等因素的影响(Yan et al.,2021),需要各地区开展深入的区域性研究.此外,土壤背景值是受时空制约的相对概念,气候和人类活动的改变会导致土壤背景值发生相应的变化(赵超等,2021),因此,需要在一定时期内开展回顾性、周期性的调查工作.随着社会经济的快速发展,我国城市化进程加剧,目前我国60%的人口生活在只占国土面积约2%的城区.城市土壤中各种重金属的含量受人为活动的强烈影响,且城市建成区和非建成区人口密度和人类活动等 差异显著(张甘霖等,2006).因此,城市土壤背景值的确定可能不同于非城市土壤,但目前相关研究短缺,如何确定城市土壤重金属的