“基于自然的解决方案”应对...气候变化_进展、挑战和建议_王金洲.pdf

2023,31(2):22496,pages 16doi:10.17520/biods.2022496收稿日期:2022-08-29;接受日期:2022-10-16基金项目:中国环境科学研究院基本科研业务费专项(22060302002001013)和生态环境部生物多样性调查评估项目(22110404002001)*通讯作者 Author for correspondence.E-mail:https:/www.biodiversity-“基于自然的解决方案”应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化:进展、挑战和建议王金洲,徐靖*中国环境科学研究院,北京 100012摘要:“基于自然的解决方案”(nature-based solutions,NbS)是协同应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球环境挑战的热点途径之一,但在国际环境条约谈判中尚存在争议。本文系统梳理了世界自然保护大会(WCC)、联合国环境大会(UNEA)、生物多样性公约(CBD)缔约方大会和联合国气候变化框架公约(UNFCCC)缔约方大会关于NbS的相关决议和决定,以及主要缔约方的立场发言,旨在分析NbS的国际进展和挑战,并结合我国国情提出应对建议。在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)等国际组织和欧盟及其成员国的积极推动下,WCC和UNEA就NbS定义和标准制定取得积极进展。而在CBD和UNFCCC相关谈判进程中,缔约方对NbS意见不一。除了缺乏各方一致认可的NbS定义、实施路径等技术原因外,可能的因素包括发展中大国担忧发达国家通过界定NbS路径范围限制其自然资源开发和生物产业发展;或将“减缓”责任从UNFCCC过渡到CBD,并转嫁给生物多样性丰富的发展中国家;以及模糊气候与生物多样性行动和资金的边界,减少发展中国家争取生物多样性领域国际公共资金的机会。我国是NbS的积极践行者,已将NbS纳入国家应对气候变化相关政策,并长期开展生态保护恢复等NbS行动与实践,但这些政策与实践主要聚焦国内,与我国在全球环境治理体系中的领导力和国际社会的期待尚有较大差距。对此,建议继续加强跨部门协调,改进本地NbS政策与实践;开展NbS路径研究,出台国家标准;开展NbS综合效益评估,支撑自然融资和绿色贸易;加强NbS国际交流与合作,平衡各方利益诉求。关键词:基于自然的解决方案;生物多样性;气候变化;多边环境条约王金洲,徐靖(2023)“基于自然的解决方案”应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化:进展、挑战和建议.生物多样性,31,22496.doi:10.17520/biods.2022496.Wang JZ,Xu J(2023)Nature-based solutions for addressing biodiversity loss and climate change:Progress,challenges and suggestions.Biodiversity Science,31,22496.doi:10.17520/biods.2022496.Nature-based solutions for addressing biodiversity loss and climate change:Progress,challenges and suggestionsJinzhou Wang,Jing Xu*Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012ABSTRACTAims and Methods:Nature-based solutions(NbS)is a hot synergy approach to address the global environmentalchallenges,such as biodiversity loss and climate change,but there are controversies surrounding the negotiation ofrelevant conventions.Here we reviewed the resolutions and decisions on NbS of the World Conservation Congress(WCC),the United Nations Environment Assembly(UNEA),and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention onBiological Diversity(CBD)and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC),as well asthe formal statements of the main Parties.We aimed to analyze the major progress and challenges of NbSimplementation at global and national levels,and to propose countermeasures based on Chinas national conditions.Review Results:By the active promotion of international organizations such as the International Union forConservation of Nature(IUCN)and Parties such as European Union and its member states,the WCC and the UNEA保护与治理对策王金洲等:“基于自然的解决方案”应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化:进展、挑战和建议2023年|31卷|2期|22496|第2页have made positive progress in defining NbS and creating standards.However,during the negotiation process related tothe CBD and the UNFCCC,Parties have different views on the implementation of NbS to synergistically addressbiodiversity loss and climate change.The technical explanation is the lack of a concrete and universal definition of NbSand its pathways agreed to by all Parties.Other possible reasons are that large developing country Parties preventdeveloped country Parties from(1)restricting the exploitation of natural resources and development of biologicalindustries by defining the pathways of NbS;(2)transitioning the responsibility for“mitigation”from the UNFCCC tothe CBD and shifting it to biodiversity-rich developing countries;(3)blurring the boundaries between climate andbiodiversity action and funding,and thus reducing the opportunities for developing countries to seek internationalpublic funding for biodiversity conservation.As an active practitioner of NbS,China has incorporated NbS into nationalpolicies related to addressing climate change,and has carried out NbS practices such as ecological protection andrestoration for decades.However,these policies and practices mainly focused on domestic ecological andenvironmental issues,which still lag behind Chinas leadership in the global environmental governance and theexpectations of the international community.Suggestions:In this regard,we suggest to(1)strengthen the cross-sectorial cooperation and improve the local NbSpolicies and practices;(2)promote the research of NbS pathways and define national standards;(3)carry outcomprehensive evaluation of NbS to support natural financing and green trading;and(4)strengthen internationalexchanges and cooperation with NbS,balancing the concerns of all Parties.Keywords:nature-based solutions;biodiversity;climate change;multilateral environmental agreements“基于自然的解决方案”(nature-based solutions,NbS)旨在通过保护、恢复、可持续管理和利用生物多样性及其生态系统功能和服务,以协同应对经济、社会和环境等面临的多重挑战。欧盟于2014年启动“地平线2020研究和创新议程”,并于2015年发布 基于自然的解决方案和自然化城市(Nature-basedsolutions and Re-Naturing Cities)报告(Bauduceau et al,2015),引起了政策、学术和商业界对NbS的广泛重视,相关论文数量快速上升(Seddon,2022)。世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature,IUCN)于2016年率先提出NbS定义,并于2020年发布全球标准,指导NbS由概念转化为政策实践。2019年联合国气候行动峰会期间,中国和新西兰共同牵头NbS这一行动领域,发布NbS行动倡议和实践案例汇编 和 NbS政策主张。自此,NbS得到众多学者、政府决策者、国际组织和机构的关注,并在NbS的概念内涵、技术路径、气候减缓潜力、限制因子等方面进行了有益探讨(Griscom et al,2017;Roe et al,2019;Seddon et al,2021;Lu et al,2022;于贵瑞等,2022)。一些国家和地区已将NbS作为政策工具纳入气候变化和生物多样性相关的战略计划,如欧