2023学年届中考英语语法专练名词及名词短语讲解及真题专练.docx

2023年届中考语法专练之名词及名词短语讲解及配套真题 一．名词 名词的种类： 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数： 1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2. ’s所有格的用法： １ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry 4 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot 7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法： 用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 1. Betty has a beautiful _________. She wants to be a singer in the future. (2023年.江苏淮安) A. voice B. look C. noise D. sound 2.--- What should we do for the camping trip? --- We’d better make a of things like foods, drinks, medicine and so on. （2023年福建） A. list B. card C. report 3. Which word goes with the sound?(2023年甘肃兰州) A. snack B. smile C. state D. snake 4. —Look! They are . (2023年甘肃天水) —Yes. We are proud of them. A. man scientist B. women scientists C. woman scientists D.man scientists 5--Here is my family___.We took it last year. 2023年甘肃敦煌) A.member B.name C.photo D.house 6．（1分）I'd like some_____and_____．（　2023年广西百色　） A．banana； tomato B．bananas； tomato C．bananas； tomatoes D．banana； tomatoes 7．（1分）In China， the color red is the ________of good luck． (2023年广西北部湾) A．dream B．way C．symbol D．reason 8．（1分）﹣﹣﹣The air is very fresh in our city． There is less than before． ﹣﹣﹣Yes． The government has taken action to protect the environment (2023年广西贵港) A．wood B．pollution C．noise D．water 9. I'm not hungry at all because I have just had much ___________.(2023年 广西 柳州) A. bread B. pears C. eggs 10．（1分）Jane is very thirsty， so she needs some ． (2023年 贵州 黔南州) A．water B．bread C．cakes D．rice 11．（1分）My cousin and I often walk to the______to see pandas on weekends． (2023年 海南) A．bank B．zoo C．market 12．（1分）﹣﹣Would you please______your e﹣mail address？ I missed it just now．(2023年 海南) ﹣﹣No problem．It's fox@163．com． A．repeat B．review C．record 13. I like this song. It’s by one of my favorite_________.(2023年河北) A. singers                   B. dancers                  C. painters                  D. writers 14For his son’s birthday, Steven is taking him to the new movie as a . (2023年 河南) A. task B. treat C. choice D. visit 15.The problems are difficult to solve.Please give