地理信息科学专业英语_李颉主编.pdf

图书在版编目（CIP）数据地理信息科学专业英语/李颉主编.原原银川：宁夏人民出版社，2019.7ISBN 978-7-227-07063-4玉.淤地域.淤李芋.淤地理信息学-英语郁.淤P208中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（圆园员怨）第171289号责任编辑贺飞雁责任校对杨皎封面设计晨皓责任印制肖艳地理信息科学专业英语李颉主编版权所有侵权必究出 版 人薛文斌地址宁夏银川市北京东路139号出版大厦（750001）网址http:/网上书店http:/www.hh-电子信箱邮购电话0951-50521045052106经销全国新华书店印刷装订宁夏银报智能印刷科技有限公司印刷委托书号（宁）0014334开本787 mm 伊 1092 mm1/16印张8.25字数200千字版次2019年8月第1版印次2019年8月第1次印刷书号ISBN 978-7-227-园苑园63原4定价58.园园元黄河出版传媒集团宁 夏 人 民 出 版 社出版发行前言地理信息科学将地理信息视作一门科学，不仅仅是一个技术上的实现，其主要研究在应用计算机技术对地理信息进行处理、存储、提取以及管理和分析过程中提出的一系列基本问题。地理信息科学专业英语不仅是地理信息科学专业科技工作者进行学术研究与交流的重要工具,还是地理信息专业工作者提高专业文献和英语书刊阅读能力的重要途径。针对地理信息科学专业名词多，句法复杂，查阅难度大的问题，本书选取经典的地理信息科学领域文献进行解析，并对单词涵义进行专业的注释,从而引导读者在字典的帮助下独立阅读英文原版地理信息系统、遥感、全球定位系统、计算机科学、测量学、数学等方面的专业书籍，以此逐步培养阅读国际优秀文献的能力。为保证本书内容的系统性和权威性，作者从多方面选取有代表性的原版书籍、文献、资料中的文章作为课文的信息源，每个单元涉及一个专题并自成体系。全书共分 15 个单元，内容涵盖地理信息科学专业的主要方向，其中地理信息系统 6 个单元、地图学 2个单元、遥感 6 个单元、全球定位系统 1 个单元。本书可以作为地理信息科学专业本科生、研究生阶段的专业英语和双语课程的课外阅读读物，也可以作为相关科技工作者、出国留学人员的参考资料。李颉宁夏大学2018 年 1 月001悦ONTENTSPart IGeographic Information SystemsUnit 1GIS：An Introduction/003Unit 2Georelational Vector Data Model/012Unit 3Raster Data Model/019Unit 4Vector Data Analysis/032Unit 5Raster Data Analysis/038Unit 6Modeling with GIS/045Part IICartographyUnit 7Coordinate Systems and Map Projection/055Unit 8Introduction to Maps/061Part IIIRemote SensingUnit 9Introduction to Remote Sensing/069Unit 10Electromagnetic Radiation/078Unit 11Satellites and Sensors/086Unit 12Optical Remote Sensing/092目 录001Unit 13Digital Image Acquisition/097Unit 14Image Interpretation/105Part IVGlobal positioning SystemUnit 15Introduction to Global Positioning System/119002Part IGeographic Information Systems地 理 信 息 科 学专业英语Unit 1GIS：An IntroductionThe day-to-day necessity of dealing with space and spatial relationships represents one of the basicfacets of human society，and our accumulated knowledge about the spatial form of the world in which welive has been traditionally stored in the form of maps.The emerging critical new tool of GeographicInformation System（or GISystem）for the storage，analysis，and visualization of spatial data will havemethodological impact on the geography，as well as，at least the spatial aspects of human society，allowing the completely different viewpoints to analyze the world phenomena.This unit aims to introducethe basic concepts and information concerning the GISystem.1.1 Meaning of GISGISystemMany definitions of GIS have been suggested over the years，such as“a container of maps in digitalform”，“a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”，“a tool for performing operations ongeographic data that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”（Longley，et al，Geographic Information Systems and Science，2001）.Lets look at some of the definitions given by theprofessional institutes：USGS（United States Geological Survey）：In the strictest sense，a GIS is a computer system capableof assembling，storing，manipulating，and displaying geographically referenced information，i.e.dataidentified according to their locations.ESRI（Earth Science Research Institute）：A geographic information system（GIS）integrateshardware，software，and data for capturing，managing，analyzing，and displaying all forms ofgeographically referenced information.INHS（Illinois Natural History Survey）：A Geographic Information System（GIS）is an organizedcollection of computer hardware，software，geographic data，and personnel designed to capture，store，update，manipulate，analyze，and display all forms of geographically referenced information.This systemallows users to perform very difficult，time consuming，or otherwise impractical spatial analyses.In general，we could derive the practical definition of GIS as a computerized system designed to dealwith the collection，storage，manipulation，analysis，visualization and display geographic information.003地 理 信 息 科 学专业英语GIS is a tool to perform the spatial analysis which will put insight to the activities and phenomenacarrying out every day.GIScienceGeographic Information Science（GIScience）is advocated to address a set of intellectual andscientific questions which go well beyond the technical capabilities of GIS.The concept was firstadvocated by Michael Goodchild.“.There is a pressing need to recognize and develop the role of science in GIS.This is meant in twosenses.The first has to do with the extent to which GIS as a field contains a legitimate set of scientificquestions，the extent to which these can be expressed，and the extent to which they are generic，ratherthan specific to particular fields of application.The second sense has to do with the role of GIS as atoolbox in science generally-with GIS for science rather than the science of GIS.”Thinking about the uniqueness of the spatial data，their location based characteristics，their spatialdependence，Goodchild proposed the contents for GIScience，such as data collection and measurement，spatial statistics，theories of spatial data，data structures，algorithms and processes，display and analyticaltools.It is known that the information science studie