2023年《主要英语国家社会与文化》学习心得.docx

主要英语国家社会与文化学习心得 英语国家社会与文化入门（ii） 名词解释题 1.americanindians americanindians，whoweremistakenlycalledbycolumbus，movedtotheamericasfromasiaabout25000yearsago.theydevelopedtheirownaboriginalculturesandsomeofthemsuchastheaztecs，theincasandthemayaswereveryadvancedwheneuropeansarrivedinthenewworld.but，asaresultofeuropeanconquest，theindianpopulationwasquicklyreducedandtheircultureswereruthlesslydestroyed. 2.thedeclarationofindependence thedeclarationofindependencewasmainlydraftedbythomasjeffersonandwasadoptedbythecongressonjuly4，1776，whenthepeopleof13englishcoloniesinnorthamericawerefightingfor theirfreedomandindependencefromthebritishcolonialrule.thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandthattheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife，libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgovernments：thepowersofgovernmentscamefromtheconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmemtswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.thetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesoftheamericanrevolutionmainlycamefromjohnlocke. 3.ggeorgewashington georgewashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic.hewasthecommander-in-chiefofthecontinentalarmyinthewarofindependenceagainstthebritishcolonialruleandthefirstpresidentoftheunitedstates. 4.thomasjefferson thomasjeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublichewasthechiefauthorofthedeclarationofindependenceandthethirdpresidentoftheunitedstates. 5.benjaminfranklin benjaminfranklinwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheamericanrepublic.heparticipatedinwritingthedeclarationofindependenceandmakingtheu.s.constitution. 6.thearticlesofconfederation afterthewarofindependencewaswon，thenewnationoftheunitedstateswasorganizedundertheagreementofthearticlesofconfederationwithaweaknationalgovernmentcalledthecongress.eachstatehaditsowngovernment，madeitsownlawsandhandleitsinternalaffairs.thestatesdidnotcooperatewiththecongressandwitheachother.thecongresshadnopowertoforceanystatetocontributemoneytothenationalgovernmentandthecongresscouldnottaxanycitizeneither.asaressult，thearticlesofconfederationfailed. 7.thebillofrights thebillofrightsconsssistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheconstitutionin1791.thebillofrightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech，therighttoassembleinpublicplaces，therighttoownweaponsandsoon. 8.eliwhitney eliwhitneyisanamericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin，whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.healsobeganmanufacuringrifleswithmachinery，usinginterchanageablepart.thiscontributedtotheamericansystemofmass production. 9.serviceindustries serviceindustriesareindustriesthatsellaserviceratherthanmakeaproduct.serviceindustriesrangefrom bankingtotelecommunicationstotheprovisionofmealsinrestaurants.aasmoreandmorepeopleareemployediinserviceindustriesintheus，itissometimedsaidthattheushasmovedintoa“post-industrialera“. 10.stock whenstartingorexpandingbusiness，corporationsneedtoborrowmoney.theymayissuestocksforpeopletobuy.whenpeoplebuystock，theybecomepartownerofthecompany.ifthecompanymakesaprofit，theyreceiveashareofit.likewise，ifthecompanylosesmoney，thestockholderswillnotmakeaprofitorthevalueoftheirshareswilldrop---theylosemoney.thereforebuyingstockisarisk. 11.mattinlutherling，jr martinlutherking，jr.，anatlanta-bornbaptistminister，wastheleaderofthesouthernchristianleadershipconferenceduringthecivilrightsmovementofthe1960s.topromotehisphilosophyofnonviolentprotestagainstsegregationandotherkinddsofsocialinjustice，kingorganizedaseriesof“marches〞.kingdeliveredhisfamous“ihaveadream〞speech.duetohisstrongbeliefinnonviolentpeacefulprotest，kingwasawardedthenobelpeaceprizein1964.hewasassassinatedinthecityofmemphisinapril1968. 12.counterculture inthewakeofthefreespeechmovementandthenewleftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe“counterculture.〞thecounterculturerejectedcapitalismanddotheramericanprinciples.theyhadmoralsdifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents.somegroupsofyouthtriedtoconstructdifferentwaysoflife.thecountercultureexertedagreatinfluenceuponpeople’sattitudestowardsocialmores，marriage，career，andsuccess. 13.now： withthepublicationofthefemininemystiquein1963，bettyfriedanbecamethechiefspokespersonofthewomen’sliberationmovement.inherbook，shecomparedtheamericanfamily，ortheamericansocietyasawhole，toa“comfortableconcentrationcamp〞，wherewomenwerediscriminatedagainstandoppressed.in1996，shehelpedtofoundthenationalorganizationforwomen（now）.areformorganization，nowbattlefor“equalrightsinparnershipwithmen. 14.white-collarcrimes white-collarcrimesarethosecommittedbyhigherincomegroupssuchasthecrimesoffraud，falseadvertising，corporatepricefixing，bribery，embezzlement，industrialpollution，taxevasionandsoon.yetthestatisticsprovidedbythefbitendtooverrlookwhite-collarcrimes.infact，white-collarcrimesareoftenignoredbylawenforcementagencies.somesociologistsaarguet