ASTM_F_2327_-_15.pdf

Designation:F232715Standard Guide forSelection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems forDetection and Monitoring of Oil on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2327;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selec-tion of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitor-ing of oil on water.1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-waterinvolving a variety of sensing devices used alone or incombination.The sensors may be mounted on vessels,inhelicopters,fixed-wing aircraft,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs),or aerostats.Excluded are situations where the aircraftis used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform andexo-atmosphere or satellite systems.1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent ithas a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missionsor objectives.1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crudeoils and most petroleum products,under a variety of marine orfresh water situations.1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to dis-criminating the target substances under certain states ofweathering,lighting,wind and sea,or in certain settings.1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capabil-ity of a remote surveillance technology to locate,determine theareal extent,as well as measure or approximate certain othercharacteristics of oil spilled upon water.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number ofsafety issues associated with the modification of aircraft andtheir operation,particularly at low altitudes.Also,in someinstances,hazardous materials or conditions(for example,certain gases,high voltages,etc.)can be involved.Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory require-ments prior to use.2.Significance and Use2.1 The contributions that an effective remote sensing sys-tem can make are:2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visibleby persons operating at,or near,the waters surface or at night,2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment ofequipment,2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to includedarkness and poor visibility,2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features to-ward which the oil may migrate,2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long rangeplanning,2.1.10 A log,or time history,of the spill can be compiledfrom successive data runs,and2.1.11 Asource of initial input for predictive models and for“truthing”or updating them over time.3.Remote Sensing Equipment Capabilities andLimitations3.1 The capability of remote sensing equipment is,in largemeasure,determined by the physical and chemical propertiesof the atmosphere,the water,and the target oil.There may bevariations in the degree of sophistication,sensitivity,andspatial resolution of sensors using the same portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum and detector technology.Sensorswithin a given class tend to have the same general capabilitiesand typically suffer from the same limitations.3.2 Combinations of sensors offer broader spectral coveragewhich,in turn,permit better probability of detection,betterdiscrimination,and effective operation over a broader range ofweather and lighting conditions.Certain combinations,or1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved Oct.1,2015.Published November 2015.Originallyapproved in 2003.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F2327 08.DOI:10.1520/F2327-15.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 sensor suites,are well documented,and their use is particularlysuited to oil spill response missions.3.3 The performance of virtually all sensors can be en-hanced by a variety of real-time,near real-time or postprocessing techniques applied to the acquired data or imagery.Furthermore,image or data fusion can greatly enhance theutility of the remote sensing output or product.Similarly,thereexists a variety of technological considerations and organiza-tional ramifications that relate to the delivery of the remotese