_STP_470-1970.pdf

MANUAL ON THEUSE OF THERMOCOUPLES INTEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTSponsored by ASTMCommittee E-20 onTemperature Measurementand Subcommittee IV onThermocouplesAMERICAN SOCIETY FORTESTING AND MATERIALSASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 470List price$17.00AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:49:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.BY AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1970Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:78-104070ISBN 0-8031-0060-4NOTEThe Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinionsadvanced in this publication.Printed in Philadelphia,Pa.August 1970Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:49:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.ForewordThe Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurementswas sponsored and compiled by Committee E-20 on Temperature Measure-ment and Subcommittee IV on Thermocouples of the American Societyfor Testing and Materials.The editorial work was co-ordinated by R.P.Benedict,Westinghouse Electric Corp.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:49:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.RelatedASTM PUBLICATIONSThermal Conductivity Measurements of InsulatingMaterials at Cryogenic Temperatures,STP411(1967),$9.50Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:49:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.ContentsAcknowledgments1.Introduction 12.Principles of Thermoelectric Thermometry 22.1 Historical Development of Basic Relations 22.1.1 Seebeck 22.1.2 Peltier 32.1.3 Thomson 42.1.4 Interim Summary 62.1.5 Kelvin Relations 62.1.6 Onsager Relations 92.2 Laws of Thermoelectric Circuits 122.2.1 Law of Homogeneous Metal 132.2.2 Law of Intermediate Metals 132.2.3 Law of Successive or Intermediate Temperature 132.3 Elementary Thermoelectric Circuits 152.4 Bibliography 162.4.1 Early Historical References 162.4.2 Recent References 172.5 Nomenclature 173.Thermocouple Materials 183.1 Common Thermocouple Types 183.1.1 General Application Data 193.1.2 Properties of Thermoelement Materials 223.2 Extension Wire 303.2.1 General Information 303.2.2 Sources of Error 323.3 Nonstandardized Thermocouple Types 343.3.1 Platinum Types 353.3.2 Iridium-Rhodium Types 403.3.3 Platinel Types 413.3.4 Nickel-Chromium Types 433.3.5 Nickel-Molybdenum Types 483.3.6 Tungsten-Rhenium Types 503.4 Compatibility Problems at High Temperature 523.5 References 554.Thermocouples Hardware and Fabrication 554.1 Sensing Element Assemblies 564.2 Nonceramic Insulation 564.3 Hard-Fired Ceramic Insulators 58Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:49:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.4.4 Protection Tubes 594.5 Circuit Connections 644.6 Complete Assemblies 644.7 Selection Guide for Protection Tubes 654.8 Bibliography 715.Sheathed,Compacted Ceramic-Insulated Thermocouples 715.1 General Considerations 715.2 Construction 715.3 Insulation 745.4 Wire 755.5 Sheath 755.6 Combinations of Sheath,Insulation,and Wire 785.7 Limitations of the Basic Material 805.8 Testing 815.9 Measuring Junction 855.10 Terminations 865.11 Installation of the Finished Thermocouple 875.12 Sheathed Thermocouple Applications 885.13 References 906.Emf Measurements 916.1 General Considerations 916.2 Potentiometer Theory 926.3 Precision Potentiometry 946.3.1 Laboratory High Precision 956.3.2 Plant Precision 956.3.3 Portable Precision 956.4 Semiprecision Potentiometry 967.Reference Junctions 967.1 General Considerations 967.2 Reference Junction Technique 977.2.1 Fixed Reference Temperature 977.2.2 Electrical Compensation 1007.2.3 Mechanical Reference Compensation 1017.3 Sources of Error 1027.3.1 Immersion Error 1027.3.2 Galvanic Error 1027.3.3 Wire Matching Error 1027.4 References 1038.Calibration of Thermocouples 1048.1 General Considerations 1048.1.1 Temperature Scale 1048.1.2 Working Standards 1078.1.3 Annealing 1088.1.4 Measurement of-Emf 1088.1.5 Homogeneity 1098.1.6 General Calibration Methods 1108.1.7 Calibration Uncertainties 1118.2 Calibration Using Fixed Points 1148.2.1 Freezing 1158.2.2 Melting 115Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:49:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.8.3 Calibration Using Comparison Methods 1168.3.1 Laboratory Furnaces 1168.3.2 Stirred Liquid Baths 1198.3.3 Fixed Installations 120