_STP_1424-2003.pdf

STP 1424 Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance Mark L Marpet and Michael A.Sapienza,editors ASTM Stock Number:STP1424 INTERNATIONAL ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Metrology of pedestrian locomotion and slip resistance/Mark I.Marpet and Michael A.Sapienza,editors.p.cm.Proceedings of the Symposium on the Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance,held June 5,2001,Conshohocken,Pa.,sponsored by the ASTM International Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear.ASTM stock number:STP1424.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8031-3454-1 1.Surfaces(Technology)-Skid resistance-Congresses.2.Flooring-Skid resistance-Congresses.3.Footwear-Materials-Congresses.I.Marpet,Mark I.,1945-It.Sapienza,Michael A.,1945-t11.ASTM International Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear.IV.Symposium on the Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance(2001:Conshohocken,Pa.)TA418.72.M48 2003 620.82-dc21 2002038583 Copyright?9 2003 ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educational classroom use,or the internal,personal,or educational classroom use of specific clients,is granted by ASTM International(ASTM)provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:978-750-8400;online:http:/ Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one edi-tor.The authors addressed all of the reviewers comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s)and the ASTM International Committee on Publications.To make technical information available as quickly as possible,the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared camera-ready as submitted by the authors.The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s),but also the work of the peer reviewers.In keeping with long-standing publication practices,ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers.The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and con-tribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International.Printed in Baltimore,MD December 2002 Foreword The Symposium on Metrology of Pedestrian Locomotion and Slip Resistance was held at the ASTM Headquarters,West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania,on 5 June,2001.ASTM In-ternational Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear served as its sponsor.The symposium co-chairmen and editors for this publication were Mark I.Marpet,St.Johns University,and Michael A.Sapienza,Congoleum Corporation.Contents Overview vii BIOMECHANICS OF AMBULATION Influence of Age and Gender on Utilized Coefficient of Friction during Walking at Different Speeds-JUDITH M.BURNFIELD AND CHRISTOPHER M.POWERS Assessment of Slip Severity Among Different Age Groups-THURMON E.LOCKHART,JEFFREY C.WOLDSTAD,AND JAMES L.SMITH A Critical Analysis of the Relationship Between Shoe-Heel Wear and Pedestrian/Walkway Slip Resistance-lN-JU KIM AND RICHARD SMITH 17 33 WALKWAY-SAFETY TRIBOMETRY Variable Inclinable Stepmeter:Using Test Subjects to Evaluate Walkway Surface/Footwear Combinations-H.MEDO,R.8RUNRABER,C.HILFERTY,J.PATEL,AND K.MEHTA An Analysis of the Sliding Properties of Workers Footwear and Clothing on Roof Surfaces-HiSAO NAGATA Comparison of Slip Resistance Measurements between Two Tribometers Using Smooth and Grooved Neolite|Test Feet-H.MEDOFF,D.H.FLEISHER,AND S.DI PILLA 51 58 67 Examination of Sticktion in Wet-Walkway Slip-Resistance Testing-ROBERT H.SMITH 73 WALKWAY-SAFETY STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT What is Needed to Gain Valid Consensus for Slip Resistance Standards-ANN E.FENDLEY Issues in the Development of Modem Walkway-Safety Tribometry Standards:Required Friction,Contextualization of Test Results,and Non-Proprietary Standards-MARK T.MAReET Implications for the Development of Slip-Resistance Standards Arising from Rank Comparisons of Friction-Test Results Obtained Using Different Walkway-Safety Tribometers Under Various Conditions-RICHARD BOWMAN,CARL J.STRAUTINS,PETER WESTGATE,AND GEOFF W.QUICK 89 96 112 Overview Background Fall accidents rank number one or two(depending upon what statistic one is using)in the harm,e.g.,cost of injury,number of deaths,etc.,from accidental causes.Researchers have estimated the cost of slip-precipitated accidents in the billions of dollars per year;there is evidence that slip accidents may be underreported;and it is expected that the number,cost,and harm from slip accidents will rise in the United States as the populatio