_STP_619-1977.pdf

STRUCTURE,CONSTITUTION,AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WROUGHT FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS Sponsored by Committee A-1 on Steel,Stainless Steel,and Related Alloys by J.J.Demo ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 619 List price$7.50 04-619000-02 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1977 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:76-42%1 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication.Reprinted by permission from the Handbook of Stainless Steels edited by D.Peckner and 1.M.Bernstein McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York Printed in Baltimore,Md.January 1977 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Foreword This special technical publication appears as Chapter 6 of Handbook of Stainless Steels published by McGraw-Hill Book Company and is reprinted here by permission.Committee A-1 on Steel,Stainless Steel,and Related Alloys of the American Society for Testing and Materials is the sponsor of this publication.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Related ASTM Publications Bearing Steels:The Rating of Nonmetallic Inclusion,STP 575(1975),$27.25(04-575000-02)Cleaning Stainless Steel,STP 538(1973),$18.00(04-538000-02)Introduction to Todays Ultrahigh-Strength Structural Steels,STP 498(1971),$3.75(04-498000-02)Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and,also,the unher-alded efforts of the reviewers.This body of technical experts whose dedica-tion,sacrifice of time and effort,and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged.The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions.On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution.ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Editorial Staff Jane B.Wheeler,Managing Editor Helen M.Hoersch,Associate Editor Ellen J.McGlinchey,Assistant Editor Kathleen P.Turner,Assistant Editor Sheila G.Pulver,Editorial Assistant Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Contents Structure and Constitution 2 Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen 3 Strengthening Mechanisms 5 Strengthening by Heat Treatments 6 Sigma Phase 7 475 C Embrittlement 9 Summary 475 C Embrittlement 19 High-Temperature Embrittlement and Loss of Corrosion 21 Background 22 High-Temperature Loss of Corrosion Resistance 23 High-Temperature Embrittlement 33 Notch Sensitivity in Annealed Alloys 44 Weldable,Corrosion-Resistant,Ductile Ferritic Stainless Steels 49 Low Interstitials 50 Interstitial StabiUzation 53 Weld DuctiUzing Additions 57 Sigma Phase and 475 C Embrittlement Susceptibility 58 Molybdenum Additions 59 Summary 61 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Dec 27 13:15:55 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.STP619-EB/Jan.1977 J.J.Demo STRUCTURE,CONSTITUTION,AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WROUGHT FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS REFERENCE:Demo,J.J.,Structure,Constitution,and General Characteristics of Wrought Ferritic Stainless Steels,ASTM STP 619,American Society for Testing and Materials,1977.ABSTRACT:High chroraium-ferritic stainless steels have good general corrosion and pitting resistance and are resistant to stress-corrosion cracking.Despite these desirable properties,the alloys have found little use as materials of construction.This lack of use is a result of significant losses in ductility,toughness,and corrosion resistance when these alloys are subjected to moderate or high temperatures.Names given to the phenomena causing loss in properties include 475 C,sigma phase,and high-temperature embrittlement.This publication summarizes the literature describing the causes,the cures,and the limitations imposed on alloys when these problems occur.The most seriously limiting pr