_STP_470B-1981_1990.pdf

MANUAL ON THE USE OF THERMOCOUPLES IN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Sponsored by ASTM Committee E-20 on Temperature Measurement and Subcommittee E20.04 on Thermocouples AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 470B ASTM Publication Code Number(PCN)04-470020-40 III 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:52:29 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Copyright?9 by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1981 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:80-69066 ISBN 0-8031-0502-9 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication.Printed in Baltimore,Md.July 1981 Second Printing,Baltimore,Md.(b)July 1982 Third Printing,Baltimore,Md.(b)February 1983 Fourth Printing,Baltimore,Md.April 1987 Fifth Printing,Baltimore,Md.January 1990 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:52:29 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Foreword The Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement was sponsored and compiled by Committee E-20 on Temperature Measure-ment and Subcommittee E20.04 on Thermocouples of the American Society for Testing and Materials.The editorial work was co-ordinated by R.P.Benedict,Westinghouse Electric Corp.Helen Hoersch was the ASTM editor.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:52:29 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Related ASTM Publications Evolution of the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968,STP 565(1974),04-565000-40 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:52:29 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Contents Chapter Chapter Chapter 1-Introduction 2-Principles of Thermoelectric Thermometry 2.1 Historical Development of Basic Relations 2.1.I Seebeck 2.1.2 Peltier 2.1.3 Thomson 2.1.4 Interim Summary 2.1.5 Kelvin Relations 2.1.60nsager Relations 2.2 Laws of Thermoelectric Circuits 2.2.1 Law of Homogeneous Metal 2.2.2 Law of Intermediate Metals 2.2.3 Law of Successive or Intermediate Temperature 2.3 Elementary Thermoelectric Circuits 2.4 Bibliography 2.4.1 Early Historical References 2.4.2 Recent References 2.5 Nomenclature 3-Thermocouple Materials 3.1 Common Thermocouple Types 3.1.1 General Application Data 3.1.2 Properties of Therrnoelement Materials 3.2 Extension Wires 3.2.1 General Information 3.2.2 Sources of Error 3.3 Nonstandardized Thermocouple Types 3.3.1 Platinum Types 3.3.2 Iridium-Rhodium Types 3.3.3 Platinel Types 3.3.4 Nickel-Chromium Types 3.3.5 Nickel-Molybdenum Types 3.3.6 Tungsten-Rhenium Types 3.4 Compatibility Problems at High Temperature 3.5 References 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 13 13 14 14 14 17 17 18 19 20 20 20 25 27 27 30 35 39 43 46 49 54 54 58 61 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:52:29 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Chapter 4-Typical Thermocouple Designs and Applications 4.1 Sensing Element Assemblies 4.2 Nonceramic Insulation 4.3 Hard-Fired Ceramic Insulators 4.4 Protecting Tubes,Thermowells,and Ceramic Tubes 4.5 Circuit Connections 4.6 Complete Assemblies 4.7 Selection Guide for Protecting Tubes 4.8 Bibliography 62 63 63 66 66 73 80 80 80 Chapter w 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Sheathed,Ceramic-lnsulated Thermocouples General Considerations Construction Insulation Wire Sheath Combinations of Sheath,Insulation,and Wire Characteristics of the Basic Material Testing Measuring Junction Terminations Installation of the Finished Thermocouple Sheathed Thermocouple Applications References 81 81 81 82 85 85 85 85 89 89 94 94 94 95 Chapter _ Emf Measurements 6.1 General Considerations 6.2 Deflection Millivoltmeters 6.3 Digital Voltmeters 6.4 Potentiometers 6.4.1 Potentiometer Theory 6.4.2 Potentiometer Circuits 6.4.3 Types of Potentiometer Instruments 6.5 Voltage References 6.6 Reference Junction Compensation 97 97 97 98 98 98 99 100 101 102 Chapter 7-Reference Junctions 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 Reference Junction Techniques 7.2.1 Fixed Reference Temperature 7.2.2 Electrical Compensation 7.2.3 Mechanical Reference Compensation 103 103 103 104 107 108 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Sun Nov 29 19:52:29 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.7.3 Sources of Error 7.3.1 Immersion Error 7.3.2 Galvanic Error 7.3.3 Wire Matching Error 7.4 References 109 109 109 109 110 Chapter 8-Ca