_STP_1494-2008.pdf

STP 1494Natural CementMichael P.Edison,editorASTM Stock Number:STP1494ASTM100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959Printed in the U.S.A.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNatural cement/Michael P.Edison,editorp.cm.?STP;1494?Includes bibliographical references.ISBN:978-0-8031-3423-21.Cement.I.Edison,Michael P.TA434.N327 2008624.1?833dc222007048176Copyright 2008 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALSINTERNATIONAL,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may notbe reproduced or copied in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educationalclassroom use,or the internal,personal,or educational classroom use ofspecific clients,is granted by the American Society for Testing and MaterialsInternational ASTM provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the CopyrightClearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:978-750-8400;online:http:/ Review PolicyEach paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and atleast one editor.The authors addressed all of the reviewers comments to the satisfactionof both the technical editor?s?and the ASTM International Committee on Publications.The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts ofthe authors and the technical editor?s?,but also the work of the peer reviewers.Inkeeping with long-standing publication practices,ASTM International maintainsthe anonymity of the peer reviewers.The ASTM International Committee on Publicationsacknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and efforton behalf of ASTM International.Printed in Mayfield,PAMarch,2008ForewordASTM publications on hydraulic cement technology do not usually include treatises on Ameri-can History,and historians do not often study the science and technology of hydraulic cements.Yet technology and history are inexorably interwoven,and that is nowhere more evident than itis in the field of historic restoration.Historic restoration,by nature,is a multi-disciplinary undertaking,including both technical andhistorical components.Sound technical decision-making requires an understanding of historicalpractices,and sound historic preservation decision-making requires an understanding of theunderlying materials science.Over the past 20 years,there has been a growing revival in the useof traditional materials for the restoration and maintenance of historic buildings and structures.Yet it is only recently that the pivotal role of natural cement in 19th and early 20th Centuryconstruction has been rediscovered.Although there is a wealth of historical and technical documentation of past uses and practicesfor natural cement,some publications are rare,and not readily available to restoration practitio-ners.There are also technical challenges associated with incorporating traditional technologyinto contemporary work.New research is required to update our understanding of traditionalmaterials and performance expectations must be redefined in terms of modern standards andtesting protocols.This STP is designed as a unique resource,providing historical and technical foundations in theoriginal uses of natural cement,while disseminating current information on contemporary prac-tices and results of recent research.The publication is divided into three sections:1.Papers from the First American Natural Cement Conference,held in Rosendale,NY in March,20052.Papers from the Second American Natural Cement Conference,held in Washington,DC inMarch,20063.Supplemental Historical and Technical ResourcesThe conference papers are the first original material published on natural cement in more than 30years.In joining them with the supplemental resources,this STP represents the most compre-hensive work on the subject since the publication of American Cements by Uriah Cummings,more than a century ago.The supplemental resources were selected as follows:ASTM C 10-06 Specification for Natural CementThe current standard for natural cement,as of the time of this publication,was adopted onSeptember 1,2006.The reinstatement of one of ASTMs oldest standards was a critical steptoward re-establishing natural cement within the mainstream of contemporary construction ma-terials.While providing assurances that todays natural cement will meet the expected technicalperformance requirements,the standard maintains a strong historical connection to the traditionalmaterial.iiiReport of Committee C on Standard Specifications for Cement(1904)In 1904,during the period predating establishment of the current system of standards numbering,Report of Committee C on Standard Specifications for Cement established comprehensive stan-dards for natural and portland cements.Excerpt:Internal Navigation,(1817)The history of American natural cement began in the early 19th Century c