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Petroleum ProductsSignifi cance of Tests for8th EditionSignifi cance of Tests for Petroleum Products:8th EditionRandSalvatore J.Rand,Ph.D.EditorDr.Salvatore J.Rand is an independent consultant to the petroleum industry,and a Fellow of ASTM International.He was awarded the baccalaureate degree in Chemistry and Philosophy from Fordham University and a doctorate in Physical Chemistry and Physics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.He retired from the Texaco Research Center following twenty-seven years of service.During that time he managed the Fuels Test Laboratory,and provided technical information and services to company facilities worldwide regarding fuel distribution,marketing and operations,laboratory inspection and auditing,and training of personnel both in proprietary and commercial laboratories.He also represented Texaco on various ASTM D02 subcommittees.His achievements include developing company-wide quality control programs for the distribution of fuels throughout the entire United States.He has developed and conducts the ASTM training coursesSalvatore J.Rand,Ph.D.www.astm.orgISBN:978-0-8031-7001-8Stock#:MNL1-8TH“Gasoline:Specifi cations,Testing and Technology”and“Fuels Technology”and has taught these courses almost one hundred times throughout the world.He previously held the position of Second Vice-Chairman of ASTM Committee D02,Petroleum Products and Lubricants.He was also Chairman of Subcommittee D02.05,Properties of Fuels,Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material,Secretary of Subcommittee D02.05.0C,Color and Reactivity,and a member of ASTM s Committee on Technical Committee Operations(COTCO).He is the author of a number of publications in the scientifi c literature,is a fi ft y year member of the American Chemical Society,and is a past Chairman of its Mid-Hudson Section.He is the recipient of numerous awards,including ASTM s highest award,the Award of Merit,D02 s highest award,the Scroll of Achievement,the George K.Dyroff Award of Honorary D02 Membership,and the Lowrie B.Sargent Award.ASTM INTERNATIONAL101173 MNL-1rev.indd 1101173 MNL-1rev.indd 13/24/10 2:58 PM3/24/10 2:58 PMPath:K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3dDate:2nd March 2010Time:12:54User ID:muralirSignificance of Tests for PetroleumProducts8th EditionSalvatore J.Rand,EditorASTM Stock Number MNL1-8THCopyright2009 by ASTM International www.astm.orgPath:K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3dDate:2nd March 2010Time:12:54User ID:muralirLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSignificance of tests for petroleum products.8th ed./edited by Salvatore J.Rand.p.cm.ISBN 978-0-8031-7001-81.PetroleumTesting.2.Petroleum productsTesting.I.Rand,Salvatore J.,1933TP691.M36 2009665.5038dc222010003804Copyright 2010 ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be repro-duced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storagemedia,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educational classroom use of specific clients is granted byASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO BoxC700.West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,Tel:610-832-9634;online:http:/www.astm.org/copyright/ASTM International is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in the publication.ASTMdoes not endorse any products represented in this publication.Printed in Newburyport,MA,iiMay,2010Path:K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3dDate:2nd March 2010Time:12:54User ID:muralirForewordTHIS PUBLICATION,Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products:8thEdition,was sponsored by ASTMcommittee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.The editor is Salvatore J.Rand,Consultant,NorthFort Myers,Florida.This is the 8thedition of Manual 1 in the ASTM International manual series.iiiPath:K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3dDate:2nd March 2010Time:12:54User ID:muralirDedicationTo Mary,Cathy,Jeanne,Joseph,and JohnivPath:K:/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101/Application/AST-MNL1_8TH-09-1101-FM.3dDate:2nd March 2010Time:12:54User ID:muralirAcknowledgmentsThis manual was brought to fruition by the combined efforts of many individuals.I would like to conveymy sincerest appreciation to all of them,particularly the publication staff of ASTM International,espe-cially Kathy Dernoga and Monica Siperko,who have given us much behind-the-scenes guidance and assis-tance from the outset of this venture.I also wish to thank Christine Urso of the American Institute ofPhysics,who was responsible for this logistically challenging project of handling the 24 chapters and 37authors involved in this publication.In addition,I wish to convey my accolades to the authors,who are allexperts in their particular fields and who bring a broad spectrum of topics and interests to this manual.They have devoted