_STP_1284-1996.pdf

STP 1284 Fire Resistance of Industrial Fluids George E.Totten and Jiirgen Reichel,Editors ASTM Publication Number(PCN)04-012840-12 ASTM 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959 Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publication Data Fire resistance of Industrial fluids l George E.Torten and Jurgen Reichel.p.cm.-(ASTM speclal techntoa publication;1284)Papers presented at the Symposium of the same name,held in Ind,anapolis,IN on 20 June 1995.sponsored by ASTM Committee 002 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants-Foreword.Includes btbllographtcal references and ndex.ISBN 0-8031-2041-9(alk.paper)1.Fire testing-Congresses.2.Hydraulic fluids-Testing-Congresses.I.Torten,George E.II,Reche,Jurgen,1938-III.American Society for Testing and Materials.Committee 0-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.IV.Series.TH9446.HgF57 1996 821,2-dc20 96-4044 CIP Copyright?9 1996 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written con-sent of the publisher.Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use,or the internal or personal use of specific clients,is granted by the AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center(CCC)Transactional Reporting Service,provided that the base fee of$2.50 per copy,plus$0.50 per page is paid directly to CCC,222 Rosewood Dr.,Danvers,MA 01923;Phone:(508)750-8400;Fax:(508)750-4744.For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC,a separate system of payment has been ar-ranged.The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8031-2041-9/96$2.50+.50.Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by three peer reviewers.The authors addressed all of the reviewers comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s)and the ASTM Committee on Publications.To make technical information available as quickly as possible,the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared camera-ready as submitted by the authors.The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s),but also the work of these peer reviewers.The ASTM Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution to time and effort on behalf of ASTM.Printed in Scranton,PA March 1996 Foreword This publication,Fire Resistance of Industrial Fluids,contains papers presented at the symposium of the same name,held in Indianapolis,IN on 20 June 1995.The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.George E.Totten of Union Carbide Corporation in Tarrytown,NY and Jiirgen Reichel of Deutsche Montan Technologie(DMT)in Essen,Germany presided as symposium chairmen and as the editors of the resulting publication.Table of Contents Overview vii Introduction ix The Need for Standardization of Fire Resistance Testing of Industrial Fluids-A.V.BRANDAO 1 Combustion Fire Chemistry of Industrial Fluids-J.s.NEWMAN 7 Characteristics of Pool Fire Burning-A.HAMINS,T.KASHIWAI,AND R.R.BUCH 15 Fire Resistance Testing Procedures:A Review and Analysis-6.E.TOTrEN AND G.M.WEBSTER 42 Standardization Activities for Testing of Fire Resistant Fluids-j.REICHEL 61 Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids and Fire Resistance Test Methods Used by the Air Force-c.E.SNYDER,JR.AND L.J.GSCHWENDER 72 Fire Resistance Tests for Fluids and Lubricants-Their Limitations and Misapplication-w.D.PHILLIPS 78 A Review of Phosphate Ester Fire Resistance Mechanisms and Their Relevance to Fluid Testing-T.A.MAROLEWSK AND E.D.WEre 102 General View and Critical Considerations of Spray Ignition Tests in Fire-Resistance Evaluation of Hydraulic Fluids-w.HEYN 110 Testing and Evaluation of Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids Using the Stabilized Heat Release Spray Test-K.HOLKE 119 Spray Flammability of Hydraulic Fluids-M.M.KHAN 133 Implementation of Revised Evaluations of Less Flammable Hydraulic Fluids-A.v.8RANDAO 148 Flammability Screening and Fire Hazard of Industrial Fluids Using the Cone Calorimeter-A.F.GRAND AND J.O.TREVINO 157 Ease of Extinction-An Alternative Approach to Liquid Flammability-G.L.NELSON 174 Overview Industrial fires caused by the use of flammable fluids such as mineral oils may lead to devastating loss of human lives and property.Therefore,many industrial processes such as underground mining,steel rolling,die casting,aerospace,and others require the use of fluids that provide substantially greater fire resistance than those attainable with mineral oils.In fluid power applications,this need has led to the development of various classes of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids which include polyol ester,phosphate ester,water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions,high-water-based fluids,and water-glycol hydraulic fluids.Al