_MNL_41-1999.pdf

Fracture and Fatigue Control in Structures:Applications of Fracture Mechanics Third Edition John M.Barsom Stanley T.Rolfe ASTM Stock Number:MNL41 ASTM 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A.British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.For information,please contact:Manager of Special Sales Butterwor th-Heinemaxn 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn,MA 01801-2041 Tel:781-904-2500 Fax:781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available,contact our World Wide Web home page at:http:/ Originally published in the U.S.A.by ASTM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Barsom,John M.,1938-Fracture and fatigue control in structures:applications of fracture mechanics/John M.Barsom,Stanley T.Rolfe.-3 rd ed.p.cm.-(ASTM manual series:MNL 41)ASTM stock number:MNL41 Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8031-2082-6 1.Fracture mechanics.2.Metals-Fatigue.3.Fracture mechanics-Case Studies.I.Title.II.Rolfe,S.T.(Stanley Theodore),1934-TA409.B37 1999 620.1126 21-dc21 99-045439 Copyright?9 1999 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educational classroom use,or the internal,personal,or educational classroom use of specific clients,is granted by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM)provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:508-750-8400;online:http:/ publication does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use.It is tile responsibility of the user of this publication to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Printed in Philadelphia,PA November 1999 Contents Foreword Preface XV xvii PART I:INTRODUCTION TO FRACTURE MECHANICS Chapter 1 Overview of the Problem of Fracture and Fatigue in Structures 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Ductile vs.Brittle Behavior 1.3 Notch Toughness 1.4 Introduction to Fracture Mechanics 1.4.1 Driving Force,K I 1.4.2 Resistance Force,K c 1.5 Fracture Mechanics Design 1.6 Fatigue and Stress-Corrosion Crack Growth 1.7 Fracture and Fatigue Control 1.8 Fracture Criteria 1.9 Fitness for Service 1.10 Case Studies 1.11 References Chapter 2 Stress Analysis for Members with Cracks-K I 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Stress-Concentration Factor-k t 2.3 Stress-Intensity Factor-K 2.4 Stress-Intensity-Factor Equations 2.4.1 Through-Thickness Crack 2.4.2 Single-Edge Notch 3 3 9 10 14 14 15 16 19 23 24 25 26 26 28 28 29 30 35 35 35 vi CONTENTS 2.4.3 Embedded Elliptical or Circular Crack in Infinite Plate 2.4.4 Surface Crack 2.4.5 Cracks Growing from Round Holes 2.4.6 Single Crack in Beam in Bending 2.4.7 Holes or Cracks Subjected to Point or Pressure Loading 2.4.8 Estimation of Other K I Factors 2.4.9 Superposition of Stress-Intensity Factors 2.5 Crack-Tip Deformation and Plastic Zone Size 2.6 Effective K1 Factor for Large Plastic Zone Size 2.7 J and 8 Driving Forces 2.7.1 J Integral 2.7.2 CTOD(8)2.8 Summary 2.9 References Appendix 2.10 Griffith,CTOD and J-Integral Theories 2.10.1 The Griffith Theory 2.10.2 Crack-Tip Opening Displacement(CTOD)and the Dugdale Model 2.10.3 J-Integral 37 39 40 40 41 42 47 49 51 54 54 55 55 57 58 58 58 58 60 63 PART Ih FRACTURE BEHAVIOR Chapter 3 Resistance Forces-Kc-Jc-Sc 3.1 General Overview 3.2 Service Conditions Affecting Fracture Toughness 3.2.1 Temperature 3.2.2 Loading Rate 3.2.3 Constraint 3.3 ASTM Standard Fracture Tests 3.4 Fracture Behavior Regions 3.5 General ASTM Fracture Test Methodology 3.5.1 Test Specimen Size 3.5.2 Test Specimen Notch 3.5.3 Test Fixtures and Instrumentation 3.5.4 Analysis of Results 3.6 Relations Between K-g 3.7 References 3.8 Appendix A:K,CTOD(8)Standard Test Method-E 1820 67 67 69 70 70 71 76 79 80 80 82 82 85 87 90 91 Contents vii 3.9 Appendix B:Reference Temperature T o,to Establish a Master Curve Using Kjc Values in Standard Test Method E 1921 Chapter 4 Effects of Temperature,Loading Rate,and Constraint 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Effects of Temperature and Loading Rate on Kic,K(t),and Kid 4.3 Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Toughness 4.4 Effect of Constraint on Fracture Toughness 4.5 Loading-Rate Shift for Structural Steels 4.5.1 CVN Temperature Shift 4.5.2 KI-Kd Impact-Loading-Rate Shift 4.5.3 Kic(t)Intermediate-Loading Rate Shift 4.5.4 Predictive Relationship for Temperature Shift 4.5.5 Significance of Temperature Shift 4.6 References Chapter 5 CVN-KIa-K c Correlations 5.1 General 5.2 Two-Stage CVN-KId-K c Correlation 5.3 Kk-CVN Upper-Shelf Correla