_STP_839-1984.pdf

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE METALLOGRAPHY A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-4 on Metallography and by the International Metallographic Society Orlando,Fla,18-19 July 1982 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 839 J.L McCall,Battelle Columbus Laboratories,and J.H.Steele,Jr.,Armco Inc.,editors ASTM Publication Code Number(PCN)04-839000-28 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103 j International Metallographic Society Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Copyright by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1984 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:83-73230 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication.Printed in Ann Arbor,Micii.July 1984 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Foreword The symposium on Practical Applications of Quantitative Metallography was held 18-19 July 1982 in Orlando,Fla.The event was jointly sponsored by ASTM,through its Committee E-4 on Metallography,and the International Metallographic Society.Chairing the symposium were James L.McCall,Bat-telle Columbus Laboratories,and James H.Steele,Jr.,Armco Inc.;both men also served as editors of this publication.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Related ASTM Publications MiCon 82:Optimization of Processing,Properties,and Service Performance Through Microstructural Control,STP 792(1983),04-792000-28 MetallographyA Practical Tool for Correlating the Structure and Properties of Materials,STP 557(1974),04-557000-28 Stereology and Quantitative Metallography,STP 504(1972),04-504000-28 Applications of Modern Metallographic Techniques,STP 480(1970),04-480000-28 Metals and Alloys in the Numbering System,DS 56B(1983),05-056002-01 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this pubHcation reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded,though essential,work of the reviewers.On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort.ASTM Committee on Publications Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R.Schroeder Kathleen A.Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M.Hoersch Helen P.Mahy Allan S.Kleinberg Susan L.Gebremedhin Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Contents Introduction 1 Grain Boundary Hardening of Alpha BrassFREDERICK N.RHINES AND JACK E.LEMONS 3 Application of Quantitative Metallography to the Analysis of Grain Growth During Liquid-Phase SinteringGUNTER PETZOW,SHIGEAKI TAKAJO,AND WOLFGANG A.KAYSSER 29 Effects of Deformation Twinning on the Stress-Strain Curves of Low Stacking Fault Energy Face-Centered Cubic Alloys SETUMADHAVAN KRISHNAMURTHY,KUANG-WU QIAN,AND ROBERT E.REED-HILL 41 Application of Quantitative Microscopy to Cemented Carbides JOSEPH GURLAND 65 Grain Size MeasurementGEORGE F.VANDER VOORT 85 Use of Image Analysis for Assessing the Inclusion Content of Low-Alloy Steel Powders for Forging Applications W.BRIAN JAMES 132 Insights Provoked by Surprises in StereologyROBERT T.DEHOFF 146 Practical Solutions to Stereological ProblemsERVIN E.UNDERWOOD 160 Summary 181 Index 183 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Wed Dec 23 18:08:06 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.STP839-EB/JUI.1984 Introduction Stereology or quantitative metallography is a generalized body of methods for characterizing a three-dimensional microstructure from two-dimensional sections or thin foils.The methods,which are based on geometrical probabili-ties and specific statistical sampling techniques,provide relationships be-tween measured quantities(on specimen sections)and specific characteristics of the microstructure.Two of the most commonly used stereological relation-ships are discussed in the ASTM Recommended Practice for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual