_STP_387-1966.pdf

BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS ATCRYOGENIC TEMPERATURESA symposiumpresented at theSixty-eighth Annual MeetingAMERICAN SOCIETY FORTESTING AND MATERIALSLafayette,Ind.,June 13-18,1965ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO.387Price$8.50;to members$5.95published by theAMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103 BY AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1966Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:66-16603NOTEThe Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinionsadvanced in this publication.Printed in Baltimore,Md.March,1966 ForewordThe Symposium on the Behavior of Materials at Cryogenic Tempera-tures was conducted in two sessions at the ASTM Annual Meeting inLafayette,Ind.,on June 14,1965.The first session included papers pri-marily associated with the mechanical behavior of materials.The secondsession emphasized physical behavior.One of the papers presented atthe meeting,Effect of Metallurgical Variables on the SuperconductingProperties of Metals and Alloys,by H.W.Schadler and J.W.Livingston,has been published elsewhere and is included in this volume by abstractonly.This symposium was sponsored by the Division of Material Sciences.Fred R.Schwartzberg,Martin Co.,Denver,Colo.,served as symposiumchairman and presided over the afternoon session;James E.Campbell,Battelle Memorial Inst,presided over the evening session.RelatedASTM PublicationsLow-Temperature Properties of High-Strength Air-craft and Missile Materials,STP 287(1960),$7.00Physical Properties of Metals and Alloys from Cryo-genic to Elevated Temperatures,DS 22(1961),$4.75Evaluation of Metallic Materials in Design for Low-Temperature Service,STP 302(1961),$7.50 ContentsIntroductionF.R.SCHWARTZBERGPlastic Behavior of Metals at Cryogenic TemperaturesE.B.KULA ANDT.s.DESISTOSome Basic and Engineering Considerations Regarding the Fracture ofMetals at Cryogenic TemperaturesE.T.WESSELLow-Temperature Phase TransformationsR.p.REED AND j.F.BREEDIS.Effect of Metallurgical Variables on the Superconducting Properties ofMetals and Alloys(abstract only)H.w.SCHADLER AND j.D.LIVINGSTONThermophysical Properties of Metals at Cryogenic TemperaturesR.L.POWELL133260133134 This page intentionally left blank Fred R.Schwartzberg1IntroductionThe behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures has become animportant area of our technology during the last decade.In recent years,a wealth of data,particularly mechanical property data,has been gener-ated on the properties of numerous materials at very low temperatures.These data have been primarily of a phenomenological nature;significantlyless attention has been devoted to gaining an understanding of thesephenomena.As our first entry into the area of cryogenics,the phenomenologicalapproach was justified,particularly since many materials were suitable forcryogenic service and merely required testing to determine design proper-ties.However,future developments in the cryogenic materials field willrequire more thorough fundamental understanding of behavior.The ob-jective of this symposium was to provide the technical community witha convenient base for developing such an understanding.In the first paper,Kula and DeSisto review the factors governingplastic behavior at low temperatures.Following a phenomenologicalpresentation of behavior,such as serrated yielding and effect of crystalstructure,the authors present fundamental discussions of the mechanismsassociated with these characteristics.Wessel presents a discussion of thebasic factors governing fracture of metals and then proceeds to show thatfracture data can be used to establish performance characteristics ofstructures.The third paper,by Reed and Breedis,is a very complete review andbibliography on the subject of the mechanisms of low-temperature phasetransformations.In his paper on thermophysical properties of metals,Powell treats theproperties thermal conductivity and specific heat in a theoretical mannerin order to provide a basis for prediction of materials behavior hi theabsence of great amounts of experimental data.In addition,pertinentexperimental data are given and discussed.The paper by Schadler andLivingston on superconductivity was subject to prior publication and isincorporated in this volume in abstract form.This paper represents anexcellent approach to superconductivity from the metallurgists stand-point and is highly recommended for additional reading.1 Chief,Materials Research,Martin Company,Denver,Colorado;Chairman ofSymposium.1 This page intentionally left blank E.B.Kula1 and T.S.DeSisto2Plastic Behavior of Metals atCryogenic TemperaturesREFERENCE:E.B.Kula and T.S.DeSisto,Plastic Behavior of Metalsat Cryogenic Temperatures,Behavior of Materials at Cryogenic Tempera-tures,ASTMSTP 387,Am.Soc.Testing Mats.,1966,p.3.ABSTRACT:The serrated yielding exhibited by metals during tension testsat temperatures near absolute zero is the principal consideration of this paper.Stress-strain curves are presented for various metals includ