_STP_594-1985.pdf

CORRELATING SENSORY OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS-NEW METHODS FOR ANSWERING OLD PROBLEMS A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Philadelpia,Pa.,11-12 Nov.1974 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 594 J.J.Powers and H.R.Moskowitz,editors 04-594000-36 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa,19103?9 BY AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1976 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:75-26426 ISBN 0-8031-0312-3 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication.ISBN 0-8031-0312-3 Printed in Ann Arbor,Mich.February 1976 Second Printing,Philadelphia,Pa.March 1985 Foreword The symposium on Correlating Sensory Objective Measurements-New Methods for Answering Old Problems was held at ASTM in Philadelphia,Pa.,11-12 Nov.1974.Committee E-18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products sponsored the symposium.J.J.Powers,University of Georgia College of Agriculture,presided as a symposium chairman,and H.R.Moskowitz,U.S.Army Natick Laboratories,served as symposium co-chairman.Related ASTM Publications Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data,DS 48(1973),05-048000-36 Sensory Evaluation of Appearance of Materials,STP 545(1973),04-545000-36 Manual on Sensory Testing Methods,STP 434(1968),04-434000-36 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and,also,the unheralded efforts of the reviewers.This body of technical experts whose dedication,sacrifice of time and effort,and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged.The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions.On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge their contribution with appreciation.ASTM Committee on Publications Editorial Staff Jane B.Wheeler,Managing Editor Helen M.Hoersch,Associate Editor Charlotte E.DeFranco,Senior Assistant Editor Ellen J.McGlinchey,Assistant Editor Contents Introduction Approaches to Subjective/Objective Correlations in Flavor-ANDREW DRAVNIEKS Primer on Types of Correlations Data Concluding Statements Sensory Methods-Choices and Limitations-ELIZABETH LARMOND Triangle Test Paired Comparisons Multiple Paired Comparisons Scheff6 Paired Comparisons Ranking Scoring Ratio Scaling Descriptive Sensory Analysis Quantitative Descriptive Analysis Conclusion Univariate Psychophysical Functions-H.R.MOSKOWITZ Fechner-Measurement by Discrimination Direct Scaling of Magnitude Ratio Scaling and Power Functions Some Applications of Direct Ratio Scaling 5 7 11 24 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 33 34 34 35 36 37 39 41 44 Search for the Determiners of Food Quality Ratings-Description of Methodology with Application to Blueberries-R.E.BARGM ANN,LOUISE WU,AND J.J.POWERS 56 Plan of Experiment and Analyses 56 Selection of Judges 59 Qualitative Descriptors and Rating Scales 60 Relation to Physical and Chemical Characteristics 62 Relation to Gas Chromatograms 64 Summary 66 General Guidelines for Selecting Objective Tests and Multiple Regression Applications-AMIHUD KRAMER 48 Definition of Sensory Attribute to be Evaluated 49 Search for Objective Methods 49 Preliminary Screening of Proposed Methods 50 Selection of Best Method(s)50 Improving the Method 52 Validation 53 Establishing a Scale 53 Integration of Objective Tests 54 Response Surface Methodology and Subjective Data-M.E.WELLS Planning Stages Methods Illustration of Principles and Techniques 73 74 74 78 Overview of Applied Multivariate Analysis-G.E.STUNGIS 81 Multivariate Methodology,A Pedestrian Approach 82 Illustrative Examples 87 What Next 90 Computer Programs 93 Biomedical Computer Programs,University of California,Los Angeles 94 OSIRIS III 94 Glossary of Technical Terms 95 Applications of Multidimensional Scaling to the Psychological Evaluation of Odors-H.R.MOSKOWITZ 97 Use in Odor and Taste Studies 98 Multidimensional Scaling with Profile Data 99 Study I,Aroma of Carrot Root Essential Oils 101 Studies of Aroma Perception Over Time 104 Correlations of Profiling Data with Instrumental Data 108 Multidimensional Scaling and Models of Olfaction 109 Experiences with Subjective/Objective Correlation-J.j.POWERS Stepwise Discriminant Analysis Multivariate Analysis Objective Errors Sensory Errors Interval Between Scores Contingency Tables Summary 111 113 114 116 117 119 120 123 Index 127 STP594-EB/Feb.1976 Introduction Committee E-18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products of the American Society for Testing and Materials organized this symposium on sensory-objective correlations for three reasons.One was to review develop-ments in the state of the art since 1967.At the Seventieth Annual Meeting of ASTM in 1967,Committee E-18 presented a program on sensory examination of materials and means of correlating sensory properties with chemical or physical attributes.Substantial changes in applied methods have occurred since that time.Not only do