ASTM_G_164_-_99_2013.pdf

Designation:G16499(Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G164;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as anANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication onprocessed photographic films.Its purpose was to determine thepresence of process-surviving lubricants on photographicfilms.It is the purpose of this test method to expand theapplicability of this test method to other flexible webs that mayneed lubrication for suitable performance.This test measuresthe breakaway(static)coefficient of friction of a metal rider onthe web by the inclined plane method.The objectives of the testis to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.It is not intended to rank lubricants.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI/ISO Standards:2ANSI/ISO5769-1984,ANSI/NAPMIT9.4-1992 forPhotography-Processed Films-Method for DeterminingLubrication3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient of friction,n,in tribologythe dimen-sionless ratio of the friction force(F)between two bodies to thenormal force(N)pressing these bodies together.3.1.2 friction force,nthe resisting force tangential to theinterface between two bodies when,under the action ofexternal force,one body moves or tends to move relative to theother.3.1.3 lubricant,nany substance interposed between twosurfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wearbetween them.3.1.4 static coeffcient of friction,nthe coefficient offriction corresponding to the maximum friction force that mustbe overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between twobodies.3.1.5 triboelement,none of two or more solid bodieswhich comprise a sliding,rolling,or abrasive contact,or abody subjected to impingement or cavitation.3.1.6 tribology,nthe science and technology concernedwith interacting surfaces in relative motion,including friction,lubrication,wear,and erosion.3.1.7 tribosystem,nany system that contains one or moretriboelements,including all mechanical,chemical,and envi-ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method can be used to measure the frictioncharacteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding againstthe curved smooth surface of a paper clip.4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip takenfrom a web of interest.The strip is affixed to an inclined planedevice with the surface of interest facing up.A paper clip isbalanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in thehorizontal position.The plane is then angled upward until therider breaks away.4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded.Thetangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-system.5.Significance and Use5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily inmanufacture or work,or both,as intended in service unlesstheir surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the formof a wax,particulate,thin film coating,or fluid.It is often veryexpensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysistechniques to quantify the presence of these films.A simplefriction test like this one performs this function.5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detectthe presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic filmsat various stages in manufacture.In this instance the surfaces1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wearand Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.Current edition approved Nov.15,2013.Published November 2013.Originallyapproved in 1999.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as G16499(2009).DOI:10.1520/G0164-99R13.2Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25 W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if thewax is present.It is not used to quantify the amount of wax,only if it is present.This test can be used as a quality test tomake sure that a lubricant is present.Test samples are normallycompared with an unlubricated reference specimen.The coef-ficient of friction of the