_MNL_56-2007.pdf

Ci ht b ASTM I tl(ll i htd)S t J13 22 38 13 EDT 2009Guide to Friction,Wear,and Erosion TestingKenneth G.BudinskiTechnical Director Bud LabsASTM Stock Number:MNL56Printed in the U.S.A.ASTM International100 Barr Harbor DrivePO Box C700West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959AST-EROSION-07-0601-0FM 10/19/07 3:18 PM Page iCi ht b ASTM I tl(ll i htd)S t J13 22 38 13 EDT 2009Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBudinski,Kenneth G.MNL 56 guide to friction,wear and erosion testing/Kenneth G.Budinski.p.cm.“ASTM Stock Number:MNL56.”ISBN 978-0-8031-4269-51.MaterialsTesting.2.Friction.3.Mechanical wear.4.Erosion.I.Title.II.Title:MNL fifty six guide to friction,wear and erosion testing.TA418.72.B83 2007620.11292dc222007031507Copyright 2007 ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This material may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy RightsAuthorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educational classroom use,or theinternal,personal,or educational classroom use of specific clients,is granted by the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials(ASTM)provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:508-750-8400;online:http:/ manual does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this manual to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Month,YearCity,StateiiAST-EROSION-07-0601-0FM 10/19/07 3:18 PM Page iiCi ht b ASTM I tl(ll i htd)S t J13 22 38 13 EDT 2009ContentsForeword .ixPreface .xiChapter 1Identification of Different Types of Wear .1Introduction.1Terminology/Key Words .1Terms from ASTM G 40:Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion.1Terms from ASTM D 4175:Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum,Petroleum Products,and Lubricants .2Terms from Other Sources .3Why Identify Wear Mode .3Categories of Wear .4Abrasive Wear .4Nonabrasive Wear.5Galling.6Oxidative Wear.6Fretting Wear .6Rolling Wear.7Impact Wear .7Other Forms of Wear .8Machining Wear.8Human Joint Deterioration .8Erosion .9Slurry .9Solid Particle .9Cavitation .10Droplet.10Impingement.10Gas .10Atomic/Molecular .11Spark .11Laser Ablation .11Types of Friction.12Sliding .12Rolling .12Solids Contacted by a Fluid .12Static Friction/Blocking .12Types of Lubrication.13Solid Film .13Thin Film .13Liquid .13Gas .14Grease .14Chapter Summary .14Important Concepts.15Resources for More Information.15Chapter 2Alternatives to Testing:Modeling and Simulation .16Introduction .16Expert Systems .16Computer Simulations.17Finite Element Modeling.17Friction Models.18Wear Models .19Adhesive Wear .19Erosion Models.19Solid Particle Erosion .19Slurry Erosion .20Liquid Erosion.20iiiAST-EROSION-07-0601-0FM 10/19/07 3:18 PM Page iiiCi ht b ASTM I tl(ll i htd)S t J13 22 38 13 EDT 2009ivCONTENTSCavitation .21Fretting Models .21Surface Fatigue Models.22What to Do About Modeling:Summary .22Important Concepts.22Resources for More Information.22Chapter 3Methodology/Test Selection .24General Methodology .24Establish the Purpose .24Establish the Objective .24Define the Wear System.24Reporting the Data.25Elements of a Valid Wear Test .26Material Documentation .26Statistical Significance.26Surface Condition .27Role of Time and Distance .28Test Environment .28Wear and Friction Measurements .28Reporting Wear Losses .29Test Selection .30Procedure.30Simulation .30Test Protocol .30Chapter Summary .30Important Concepts.31Resources for More Information.32Chapter 4Abrasive Wear Testing .33Introduction .33Gouging Abrasion .33Low-Stress Abrasion.33ASTM G 65.33ASTM G 174 .35ASTM G 132 .36ASTM G 171 .36ASTM D 1242 .37ASTM D 4060(Taber).37Nonstandard Tests .38Summary .39High-Stress Abrasion .39Polishing .40Product Abrasivity .41Standard Tests .41Magnetic Media .41Photographic Paper/Film,Plastics,Paints .42Ball Cratering Test .42Chapter Summary .43Important Concepts.43Resources for More Information.43Chapter 5Adhesive Wear Testing.45Introduction .45Galling:ASTM G 98 .45Pin-on-Disk:ASTM G 99.45Reciprocating Ball-on-Plane:ASTM G 133 .46Block-on-Ring:ASTM G 77 .47Scuffing/Scoring .48Oxidative Wear .49AST-EROSION-07-0601-0FM 10/19/07 3:18 PM Page ivCi ht b ASTM I tl(ll i htd)S t J13 22 38 13 EDT 2009CONTENTSvChapter Summary .50Important Concepts.50Resources for More Information.50Chapter 6Plastic/Elastomer Wear.51Introduction .51Abrasion Tests .53Taber Abraser .53Falling Sand .53Dry-Sand Rubber Wheel:ASTM G 65.53Loop Abrasion Test:ASTM G 174 .54Scratch Test:ASTM G 171 .55Rubber Abrasion .55Sliding Wear of Plastics/Elastomers .56Plastic-to-Metal .56Pin-on-Rotating Disk .57Plastic-to-Plastic .57Plastic-to-Ceramic/Cermet .58Break-In .58Specific Wear Rate.58PV Limit.58Erosion of Plastics .59ASTM Tests.59Nonstandard Tests.60Chap