ASTM_F_489_-_96e1.pdf

Designation:F 489 96e1An American National StandardStandard Test Method forUsing a James Machine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 489;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEPer Committee F13 Bylaws,editorially replaced term definitions with reference to Terminology F 1646 in January2004.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers laboratory measurement of thedry static coefficient of friction of shoe sole and heel materialson controlled walking surfaces and under controlled condi-tions.It is recognized that certain contaminants and conditionsmay alter results.NOTE1See Test Method D 2047 for information on measurement ofthe static coefficient of friction of floor surfaces for the James Machine.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2047 Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction ofPolish-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the JamesMachineF 1646 Terminology Relating to Safety and Traction forFootwear3.Terminology3.1 See Terminology F 1646 for the following terms used inthis test method:3.1.1 Coefficient of friction,3.1.2 Friction,and3.1.3 Slip.4.Significance and Use4.1 The James Machine is a laboratory instrument intendedto measure the slip resistance characteristics of shoe sole andheel materials.However,the tendency to slip may be influ-enced by foreign materials or lubricants on the shoe materialsor on the walking surfaces.Consequently,acceptable levels ofslip resistance as determined by this test method may notpredict an individuals resistance to slipping while walking orrunning on various surfaces.5.Apparatus5.1 James Machine(Fig.1),3with three weights of 25 lb(11.4 kg)each,plus supporting members(80 lb(36.3 kg)total).5.2 Shoe,faced with the specimen under test.6.Walking Surfaces6.1 A 12 by 12-in.(305 by 305-mm)square of surface shallbe used for testing.6.2 The surfaces to be used shall be OVCT tiles4or asurface agreed upon between laboratories.6.3 The surfaces are prepared by thoroughly wiping with a3%ammoniacal solution using a clean cloth prior to condi-tioning.7.Preparation of Shoe Sole and Heel Materials Samples7.1 Sand the sample using a 60-grit silicon carbide abrasivepaper5to remove finish or mold characteristics,or both.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-13 on Safetyand Traction for Footwear and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F13.10on Traction.Current edition approved Feb.10,1996 Published April 1996.Originallypublished as F 489 77.Last previous edition F 489 77(1988)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3This machine was developed by S.V.James of the Underwriters Laboratories,Inc.The machine is available from Quadra,Inc.,1833 Oakdale Ave.,Racine,WI53405.Phone(414)637-6525.4OVCT is official vinyl composition tile and is available from the ChemicalSpecialties Manufacturers Assn.,1901 I St.,N.W.,Washington,DC 20006.Thesetiles may be used and reused for testing.Tiles should be discarded when they showexcessive wear or when erratic results are obtained.560-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper is available from the 3M Corp.,St.Paul,MN.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.7.2 Again sand the sample using 400A wet or dry siliconcarbide abrasive paper.67.3 Brush the sanded sample to remove loose particles.8.Test Specimens8.1 Specimens,3 by 3 in.(76 by 76 mm),prepared inaccordance with 6.1 and 6.2,and 6.3 shall be applied to theshoe by use of double-faced tape7or a suitable adhesive.8.2 The specimen shall be wiped with a clean,dry cloth toremove dust or foreign matter from the surface after condition-ing.9.Conditions for Testing9.1 Run the specimens under the following conditions:9.1.1 Both surfaces dry and conditioned 18 h at 73 6 3.6F(22.8 6 2C).9.2 This procedure may also be used at other conditions,such as 36F(2.2C)dry.10.Calibration10.1 Obtain a calibration curve as follows:10.1.1 Attach a low-friction ball bearing unit8to the shoe.6400A wet or dry Tri-M-Ite is available from the 3M Corp.,St.Paul,MN.7Suitable tape is available from the 3M Corp.,St.Paul,MN.8Suitable linear ball bearing units may be obtained f