ASTM_F_3094_-_14.pdf

Designation:F309414Standard Test Method forDetermining Protection Provided by X-ray ShieldingGarments Used in Medical X-ray Fluoroscopy from Sourcesof Scattered X-Rays1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3094;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for measuringthe relative reduction in the intensity of X-radiation providedby shielding garments to the human user under conditionssimulating actual use.1.2 This test method provides a condition simulating X-raysgenerated between 60 and 130 kV that are scattered through anangle of 90 by a water equivalent material.1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and no-leadedradiation protective materials.1.4 This test method provides a method for inclusion ofsecondary radiations generated within the protective materialinto a more realistic evaluation of radiation protection.1.5 The values given in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Some specifichazards statements are given in Section 7.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2547 Test Method for Determining the Attenuation Prop-erties in a Primary X-ray Beam of Materials Used toProtect Against Radiation Generated During the Use ofX-ray Equipment2.2 IEC Standard:3IEC 61331-1 Ed.2.0 Protective Devices Against DiagnosticMedical X-radiation:Part 1 Determination of Attenua-tion Properties of Materials3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 attenuation,nfor radiological protective material,the fractional reduction in the intensity of the X-ray beamresulting from the interactions between the X-ray beam and theprotective material when the X-ray beam passes through theprotective material.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIt is important to note that the measure-ment of attenuation(as specified by Test Method F2547)specifically excludes the contribution of secondary radiationfrom the measurement.The present standard provides amethod for incorporating those contributions of radiation doseto the wearer of protective garments.(See 3.1.10.)3.1.2 coeffcient of variationthe ratio of the standarddeviation of a sample to the sample mean.3.1.3 exposure,nfor radiological purposes the amount ofionization charge of one sign produced in a defined volume ofdry air at standard temperature and pressure,caused byinteraction with X-rays.Exposure is expressed in units ofcoulombs/kg of air in SI units.An older unit called theRoentgen(R)is also used,where 1 R=2.58 10-4C/kg.3.1.4 fluorescent radiation,na form of secondary radia-tion following photoelectric collisions between X-rays andorbital electrons of heavier elements such as those used inprotective materials,whereupon electron rearrangements at theatomic level result in the emission of one or more fluorescentphotons.3.1.4.1 DiscussionMeasurements to include fluorescentradiation are important because they may contribute to theradiation exposure to the wearer of radiation protective gar-ments.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.70 on Radiological Hazards.Current edition approved July 1,2014.Published July 2014.DOI:10.1520/F309414.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC),3,rue deVaremb,P.O.Box 131,CH-1211 Geneva 20,Switzerland,http:/www.iec.ch.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.1.5 half-value layer(HV),nthe thickness of 99.9%purealuminum in millimetres(commonly designated mm Al)thatreduces the intensity of an X-ray beam by one half of its initialvalue.3.1.5.1 DiscussionHVL is commonly used to designatethe penetrating ability of an X-ray beam containing manyX-ray energies(as is the case with standard X-ray sources).Ahigher value ofAl in mmAl would indicate a more penetratingX-ray beam.Note that HVL may also be specified in materialsother than Al,although only Al is used in this document.3.1.6 ionization chambera device that measures the elec-trical charge liberated during the ionization of air molecules byelectromagnetic radiation(X-rays for the purposes of this