ASTM_F_995_-_09.pdf

Designation:F99509Standard Practice forEstimating Toner Usage in Copiers Utilizing Dry Two-Component Developer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F995;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for estimating thenumber of copies that can be produced for a given unit of tonerin a copier using dry two-component developer.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See Section 9 for specific precautionary statements.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic ImagingF875 Test Method for Evaluation of Large Area Density andBackground on Office Copiers2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:K Charts33.Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to this Standard:3.1.1 toner usageamount of toner(milligrams per copy)removed from the toner reservoir during the copying process.3.1.2 two-component developera mixture of dry toner andcarrier used for developing electrostatic images in copiers(SeeTerminology F335.)4.Summary of Practice4.1 A copier is set up to standard operating parameters andoperated under a controlled job stream and environment for alength of time sufficient for stable performance.A known,orestimated,quantity of toner is used to replenish the developerover the length of the test and this result,along with the totalnumber of copies generated,is used to estimate the number ofcopies produced per unit of toner.5.Significance and Use5.1 This practice may be used to evaluate the performanceof different toners in a common machine.It can also be used toevaluate the economics of toner usage when making machine-to-machine comparisons.5.2 The practice provides only a point estimate that issubject to a significant number of variables that are not easilymeasured.As with all dry developers,two-component devel-oper systems are not 100%efficient.Some toner is lost to thesurroundings(inside or outside the copier).This loss is alsodependent on copier adjustments and may be significantenough to affect the total number of copies capable of beingproduced by a specific amount of toner.Anyone making adecision based on the results of this practice should carefullyconsider the accuracy of the results and other pertinent data.5.3 Actual use of the copier in normal operating conditionswill most likely result in toner usage values different fromthose generated in this practice.6.Interferences6.1 Variations in toner usage will occur for many reasons,among them:6.1.1 Machine adjustments,6.1.2 Operating environment,6.1.3 Varying use of special copy controls,6.1.4 Number of copies on the photoconductor anddeveloper,6.1.5 Variations in copy paper,6.1.6 Operator variability,6.1.7 Batch-to-batch toner and developer variability,6.1.8 Machine-to-machine variability,and6.1.9 Variation in document area coverage.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct.1,2009.Published October 2009.Originallyapproved in 1986.Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F995 97(2006).DOI:10.1520/F0995-09.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters.Order Adjunct No.ADJF0995.Original adjunct produced in 1986.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 7.Apparatus7.1 Balance,reading to the nearest 1 g.7.2 Refer to Test Method F875 for other required instru-ments.8.Reagents and Materials8.1 Sufficient quantities of paper,toner,developer,andphotoconductor to run the test(Refer to 11.6.)8.2 Test Targets:8.2.1 Density and Background Test SheetAs shown in Fig.1 of Test Method F875.8.2.2“k”Target with 1507“k”sAs shown in Fig.1.38.2.3“k”Target with 2925“k”sAs shown in Fig.2.39.Precautions9.1 Machine-to-machine comparisons should be made,ifpossible,with the same manufacturing lot of toner and devel-oper.9.2 Any comparisons between machines or toners shouldcarefully consider the test conditions used and should bedocumented.9.3 The test must be controlled as described in this testmethod.A casual use of the copier during