_STP_739-1981.pdf

FERROALLOYS AND OTHER ADDITIVES TO LIOUID IRON AND STEEL A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee A-9 on Ferroalloys and Alloying Additives AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Denver,Colo.,20-21 May 1980 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 739 J.R.Lampman,Duval Sales Corp.A.T.Peters,Inland Steel Co.editors ASTM Publication Code Number(PCN)04-739000-01 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pa.19103 Copyright by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1981 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:80-70651 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication.Printed in Baltimore,Md.August 1981 Foreword This publication,Ferroalloys and Other Additives to Liquid Iron and Steel,contains papers presented at the symposium on Ferroalloys,Masteralloys,and Other Liquid Metal Additives which was held in Denver,Colorado,20-21 May 1980.The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Test-ing and Materials through its Committee A-9 on Ferroalloys and Alloying Additives.J.R.Lampman,Duval Sales Corporation,and A.T.Peters,Inland Steel Company,presided as symposium cochairmen and coeditors of this publication.Related ASTM Publications Impediments to Analysis,STP 708(1980),$10.00,04-708000-24 Toughness of Ferretic Stainless Steels,STP 706(1980),$32.50,04-706000-02 Fracture Mechanics,Proceedings of the Twelfth National Symposium,STP 700(1980),$53.25,04-700000-30 Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Their Weld Metals(Influence of Slight Chemistry Variations),STP 679(1979),$13.50,04-679000-02 MiCon 78;Optimization of Processing,Properties,and Service Performance Through Microstructural Control,STP 672(1979),$59.50,04-672000-28 Rail SteelsDevelopments,Processing,and Use,STP 644(1978),$45.00,04-644000-0!Structures,Constitution,and General Characteristics of Wrought Ferretic Stainless Steels,STP 619(1976),$7.50,04-619000-02 Evaluations of the Elevated Temperature Tensile and Creep Rupture Proper-ties of 12 to 27 Percent Chromium Steels,DS 59(1980),$24.00,05-059000-40 Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys and Cross Index of Chemi-cally Similar Specifications,DS 56A(1977),$49.00,05-056001-01 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and,also,the unheralded efforts of the reviewers.This body of technical experts whose dedication,sac-rifice of time and effort,and collective wisdom in reviewing thepapers must be acknowledged.The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions.On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with apprecia-tion their contribution.ASTM Committee on Publications Editorial Staff Jane B.Wheeler,Managing Editor Helen M.Hoersch,Senior Associate Editor Helen P.Mahy,Senior Assistant Editor Allan S.Kleinberg,Assistant Editor Contents Introduction 1 ASTM Committee A-9 and the Steel Industryw.P.HUHN 3 International Activities of Committee A-9P.L.WESTON 32 Stoclipile Focus on FerroalloysR.E.CORDER 40 Discussion 48 Present State of U.S.Ferroalloy IndustryA.D.GATE 49 Ferroalloys in the 80sP.D.DEELEY 59 Market Position of Ferroalloys Produced from Ocean Nodules J.P.BALASH 76 Control of Ferroalloys in a Large Integrated Steel MillA.T.PETERS 84 Controlling Quality of Ferroalloys and Alloying Additives in the Manu-facture of Nickel Alloys for Nuclear ApplicationsR.s.STRYKER 93 Trends in Rare-Earth Metal Consumption for Steel Applications in the 1980sw.H.TRETHEWEY AND J.R.JACKMAN 99 Rare-Earth Additions to Blast Furnace Iron for the Production of Large CastingsH.H.CORNELL,C.R.LOPER,JR.,AND E-N.PAN 110 Properties and Uses of Alloy Additives for the Modification of Cast Iron M.J.LALICH AND W.D.GLOVER 125 Titanium and Its Alloys for Use in Iron and SteelmakingA.c.DEMOS AND D.W.KREMIN 144 The Role and Use of Aluminum in Steel ProductionG.G.LARSEN 151 FerroaluminumProperties and UsesP.D.DEELEY 157 Alloys and Metals for the Production of High-Strength Low-Alloy SteelsJERRY SILVER 170 Discussion 179 Alloy Additions for the Production of Fine-Grain Strand-Cast Special-Quality Steel BilletsP.H.WRIGHT 180 Additives to Steel and Iron for Improved MachinabilityA.T.PETERS 191 Appendix I 199 Appendix II 200 Summary 203 Index 205 STP739-EB/Aug.1981 Introduction In a normal year the U.S.iron and steel industry consumes in excess of one billion dollars worth of ferroalloys and other additives intended to produce iron or steel of definite chemical composition.A ferroalloy is usually defined as a metallic material containing a large proportion of a useful metal intended to be added to a melt and the balance being iron;however,the implication of iron being the other main component may or may not be true in modern practice.In a number of materials com-monly regarded as ferroalloys,the proportion of iron is very low;calcium-sil-icon is a good example.Other additives vary from the definitely metallic pure chromium and manganese to the nonmetallic sulfur;most are ob