_MNL_45-2002.pdf

Radiation Curing of Coatings Joseph V.Koleske ASTM Stock Number:MNL45 INTERNATIONAL ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Koleske,J.V.,1930-Radiation curing of coatings/Joseph V.Koleske,p.cm.-(Manual 45 in ASTM Internationals manual series)ASTM Stock Number:MNL45.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 0-8031-2095-8 1.Radiation curing.2.Plastic coating.3.Radiation-Industrial applications.4.Ultraviolet radiation-Industrial applications.I.ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications.II.Title.II1.ASTM manual series;MNL 45.TP156.C8 K66 2002 668.4dc21 2002016401 Copyright?9 2002 ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.All rights reserved.This mate-rial may not be reproduced or copied,in whole or in part,in any printed,mechanical,electronic,film,or other distribution and storage media,without the written consent of the publisher.Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal,personal,or educational classroom use,or the internal,personal,or educational classroom use of specific clients,is granted by ASTM International provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923;Tel:978-750-8400;online:http:/ manual does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this manual to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Printed in Bridgeport,NJ April 2002 Foreword THIS PUBLICATION,Radiation Curing of Coatings,was sponsored by Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications.This is Manual 45 in ASTM Internationals manual series.Contents Preface Chapter I Radiation Curing Introduction What is Radiation Curing and Why is it Used?Radiation Simplified Classic to Modem Light/Radiation/Energy Theory Magnitude of Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation Energy Photon Production Electrons References Chapter 2 Curing Equipment Electron Beams Ultraviolet Radiation Systems Xenon Lamps Hybrid Xenon/Mercury Lamps Excimer Radiation Visible Radiation,Light References Chapter 3 Free-Radical Photoinitiators and Initiation Mechanism Introduction Photoinitiators Free Radical Photoinitiators Homolytic Fragmentation Type Hydrogen Abstraction Type Photosensitizers Oxygen Inhibition Visible Radiation Photoinitiators References Chapter 4 Cationic Photoinitiators and Initiation Mechanism Introduction Onium Salts,General Diazonium Salts,Lewis Acids Iodonium and Sulfonium Salts,Bronsted Acids Organometallic Compounds Photosensitization References ix l 1 3 6 8 10 12 12 13 15 t7 20 26 28 29 29 30 35 35 37 37 38 41 44 45 48 50 55 55 55 56 59 64 66 67 vi CONTENTS Chapter 5 Free Radical Initiated Polymerization Systems Free Radical Systems Unsaturated Polyester/Styrene Systems Polyene/Thiol Compositions Acrylate Compositions Monofunctional.Acrylates Polyfunctional Acrylates Oligomeric Acrylates-Epoxy,Urethane,Oils Acrylated Epoxides or Epoxy Acrylates Urethane Acrylates Esterified Polyol Acrylates Acrylated Oils Shrinkage References Chapter 6 Cationic Initiated Polymerization Systems Cationic Cycloaliphatic Epoxide Systems Oils Mechanism of Polymerization Polyols Water,Humidity,and Temperature Effects Effect of Added Thermal Energy Electron Beams and Epoxide Cure Pigmentation Formulation References Chapter 7 Vinyl Ethers Introduction Free Radical Polymerization Cationic Polymerization Hybrid Polymerizations Donor/Acceptor or Charge-Transfer Polymerizations Oligomeric Vinyl Ethers Urethane Vinyl Ethers Ester Vinyl Ethers Vinyl Ether-Silicone Blends Vinyl Ether-Epoxide Blends References Chapter 8 Ultraviolet Radiation-Curable Powder Coatings Introduction Polymer Systems Wood Substrates Metal Substrates Fiberboard Substrates Summary References 73 73 74 77 81 83 87 88 88 92 97 98 100 101 109 109 115 117 118 122 123 123 124 125 125 129 129 130 132 134 135 138 138 139 140 141 142 145 145 148 149 150 151 151 152 Chapter 9 Dual-Cure Mechanisms Free Radical/Cationic Systems Radiation/Thermal Cures Radiation/Moisture-Cure Urethane Cures Radiation/Epoxide Cure Radiation/Radiation Cure Radiation/Air-Drying Cures References Chapter 10 Adhesives Introduction Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Release or Anti-Adhesive Coatings Other Adhesives References Chapter 11 Additives and Miscellaneous Antifoaming Agents Expanding Monomers Gloss Control Inorganic Glasses for Pigmented and Thick Section Cures Odor Scratch,Slip,and Abrasion Resistance Silane Coupling Agents Surfactants Textured Coatings Thick Section Curing Water-Based Systems Weathering References Chapter 12 Safety and Health Considerations References Chapter 13 End Uses Automotive Electrical/Electronics Magnetic Media Optical Components and Materials Printing Inks and Graphic Arts Stereolithography or Three-Dimensional Object Cur