ASTM_E_2916_-_19e1.pdf

Designation:E2916191Standard Terminology forDigital and Multimedia Evidence Examination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2916;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFormat correction was editorially applied to the definition of resolution in April 2019.1.Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in the examination of digital and multimediaevidence to include the areas of computer forensics,imageanalysis,video analysis,forensic audio,and facial identifica-tion.1.2 Legal or scientific terms that generally are understood ordefined adequately in other readily available sources may notbe included.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI/NIST Standards:2ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Data Format for the Interchange ofFingerprint,Facial,and Other Biometric InformationNIST SP 800-86 Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniquesinto Incident ResponseNIST SP 800-88 Guidelines for Media Sanitization2.2 IEEE Standards:3IEEE 100-2000 The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Stan-dards Terms,7th Edition2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994 Information Technology DigitalCompression and Coding of Continuous-Tone Still Im-ages:Requirements and Guidelines3.Significance and Use3.1 This terminology includes general as well as discipline-specific definitions as they apply across the spectrum of imageanalysis,computer forensics,video analysis,forensic audio,and facial identification.4.Terminology:Terms and Definitions4.1 Definitions:achievable resolution,resolving power,nthe measure ofimaging systems practical limit to distinguish betweenseparate adjacent elements,typically by imaging a knownreference standard.acquisition,nin computer forensics,the process of using anaccess interface to read digital data from a digital source andto create a destination object.ad hoc image,nsee uncontrolled image.allocated space,allocated storage,nin computer forensics,the portions of storage that are assigned or reserved foractive instructions or for data.IEEE 100-2000,(C)610.10-1994wanthropometric analysis,nin facial identification,an ex-plicit measurement of landmarks on a face and a comparisonof these measurements between two samples.anti-forensics,nthe application of a process to modify,conceal or destroy information to inhibit or prevent theeffectiveness of forensic science examinations.archive image,nin computer forensics,a bit stream dupli-cate of data placed on media that is suitable for long-termstorage.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 onForensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12 onDigital and Multimedia Evidence.Current edition approved March 1,2019.Published March 2019.Originallyapproved in 2013.Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E2916 18.DOI:10.1520/E2916-19E01.2Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST),100Bureau Dr.,Stop 1070,Gaithersburg,MD 20899-1070,http:/www.nist.gov.3Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.(IEEE),445 Hoes Ln.,Piscataway,NJ 08854,http:/www.ieee.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization(ISO),ISOCentral Secretariat,BIBC II,Chemin de Blandonnet 8,CP 401,1214 Vernier,Geneva,Switzerland,http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 artifact,na by-product,artificial feature,or change resultingfrom human activity or a technical process.(Comparenoise.)DISCUSSIONExamples include speckles in a scanned picture,“blocking”in compressed images,distortion in over-saturated audio,and the automatic creation of temporary files due to normal usage of acomputer.aspect ratio,nthe ratio of the width to the height of arectangle,such as an image,a pixel,or an active videoframe.attempt,nin facial identification,a submission of a singleset of biometric samples to a biometric system for identifi-cation or verification.(Compare biometric search.)audio enhancement,nthe processing and filtering of audiorecordings to improve the signal quality and intelligibility ofthe signals of interest,such as speech,by attenua