ASTM_F_1600_-_95a_2001.pdf

Designation:F 1600 95a(Reapproved 2001)Standard TerminologyRelating to Bioremediation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1600;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology defines the terminology used in testmethods,specifications,guides,and practices related to biore-mediation technology.1.2 These definitions are written to ensure that standardsrelated to bioremediation technology are understood and inter-preted properly.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:F 873 Guide for Incinerating Oil Spill Wastes at TemporaryField Locations2F 1481 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use ofBioremediation in Oil Spill ResponseSand and GravelBeaches23.Terminology3.1 Definitions:aerobesorganisms that require air or free oxygen for growth.F 1481anaerobesorganisms that grow in the absence of air oroxygen and do not use molecular oxygen in respiration.F 1481arcticthe biogeographic realm that comprises the tundra andtreeless grounds lying north of the timberline in the Northernhemisphere or south of the timberline in the Southernhemisphere.bioaugmentationthe addition of microorganisms(predomi-nantly bacteria)to increase the biodegradation rate of targetpollutants.F 1481biodegradationthe chemical alteration and breakdown of asubstance,usually to smaller products caused by microor-ganisms or their enzymes.F 1481bioremediationthe enhancement of biodegradation.bioremediation agentsinorganic and organic compoundsand microorganisms that enhance biological degradationprocesses,predominantly microbial.F 1481biostimulationthe addition of microbial nutrients,oxygen,heat,or water,or some combination thereof,to enhance therate of biodegradation of target pollutants by indigenousspecies(predominantly bacteria and fungi).buffera solution of partially ionized acids or bases capableof reducing pH changes in the presence of added alkalis oracids.carcinogencancer-causing agent.culturecontrolled inoculation,growth,and harvesting ofknown microorganisms.decomposersmicroorganisms,predominantly bacteria andfungi,that convert complex organic matter into simplerorganic and inorganic molecules.disinfectantsphysical and chemical agents used for inacti-vating or destroying microorganisms.ecosystemorganisms and the surrounding environment com-bined in a community that is self-supporting.F 1481effluentthe liquid discharge from a process.end productthe chemical compound resulting from a par-ticular metabolic process.enrichment culturea liquid culture that enhances thegrowth of a given type of organism.landfilla land disposal technique that uses excavated pits tocontain the oil spill waste material.The waste is placed inthe excavation,covered over,and left to degrade.F 873leachatethe liquid residue from the migration of environ-mental pollutants mediated by surface or ground water.marinerelating to the ocean.F 1481mediumthe material that supports the growth and reproduc-tion of microorganisms.mesophilean organism with an optimum growth temperaturerange of 20 to 45C.metabolic pathwaythe sequence of biochemical reactionsthat allows conversion for carbon or energy assimilation.microbesmicroscopic organisms,including algae,bacteria,fungi,protozoa,and viruses.mineralizationthe microbial-mediated breakdown of or-ganic materials into inorganic materials.mutagena substance that increases the normal mutation rate.nutrienta substance that supports organismal growth.F 1481pathogensorganisms that are capable of causing disease.petri platea dish designed to contain solid growth medias.plasmidsindependently-replicating extrachromosomal ge-netic material.recalcitranta substance that is resistant to microbial degra-dation.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.24 on Bioremediation.Current edition approved Sept.10,1995.Published November 1995.Originallypublished as F 1600 95.Last previous edition F 1600 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.04.1Copyright ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.terrestrialconsisting of land,as distinguished from water.toxicitythe property of a material,or combination of mate-rials,to adversely affect organisms.tropicalthe region lying between the tropics of Cancer andCapricorn.tundrathe vast,treeless,nearly level plains of the arcticregions.viabilitythe ability to grow and reproduce.The ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any itemmentioned in this standard.Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are e