ASTM_F_109_-_12.pdf

Designation:F10912Standard Terminology Relating toSurface Imperfections on Ceramics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F109;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfectionsobserved on whitewares and related products.For additionaldefinitions of terms relating to whitewares and relatedproducts,refer to Terminology C242.To observe these defects,examination shall be performed visually,with or without theaid of a dye penetrant,as described in Test Method C949.Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regardingspecific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProductsC949 Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares byDye PenetrationE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustry3.Terminologyblemishstrained or discolored area attributable to normalcomposition or forming,or both.(See also inclusion.)blisterbubble or gaseous inclusion at the surface which ifbroken could form a pit,pock,or hole.burrfragment of excess material or foreign particle adheringto the surface.cambera single arch of curvature.(See also waviness.)chiparea along an edge or corner where the material hasbroken off.where:w=widthl=length,andd=depth.closed chipfractured area on the edge or corner when thematerial has not broken off(Syn.potential chip).1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility ofC21.01Editorial and Teminology on Nomenclature.Current edition approved Jan.15,2012.Published February 2012.Originallyapproved in 1969.Last previous edition approved 2009 as F109 04(2009).DOI:10.1520/F0109-12.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 where:W=widthl=length,andd=depth.crackline of fracture without complete separation.crawlinga parting and contraction of the glaze on the surfaceof ceramic ware during drying or firing,resulting in un-glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.crazingthe cracking that occurs in fired glazes or otherceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses,may alsooccur in the surface portion of uncoated(unglazed)white-ware bodies.finfine feather-edge protrusion from the surface(Syn.flash).flow lineone or more streaks distinguished by a difference inlight reflectance from the surrounding area,charateristic ofinjection-molded parts.(See also weld mark.)grinding marka pattern of fine striations or scoring,usuallydirectional,resulting from machining,as distinct from sur-face marksholea deep depression or void,the bottom of which is notvisible by normal(20/20)vision under 200 fc illumination.inclusionembedded foreign material or a stain other thanfrom normal composition or forming,or both(see blemish).kinka type of waviness occurring interior to the edges,not tobe confused with the more abrupt departures as ridges orsurface marks.(See also waviness.)lumpa raised area on the surface having the appearance ofbeing solid.F109 122 metal markslines on the surface of a ceramic body or glazecaused by drawing a hard metal,such as a knife,across thesurface.peelingcompressive stresses in a fired glaze or other ceramiccoating of sufficient magnitude to exceed the strength ofadhesion between the glaze and the body.pinholesimperfections in the surface of a ceramic glazeresembling pin pricks.pita shallow depression or crater in which all surfaces arevisible by normal(20/20)vision under 200 fc of illumina-tion.pocka partially closed surface cavity.where:w=width.porean internal cavity which may be exposed by cutting,grinding,or polishing to become a pit,pock,or hole.F109 123 porous areaan area that will retain dye when tested inaccordance with Practice E165 and,if broken through at theporous area,will show evidence of dye penetration into thebody.ridgelong,narrow protrusion on any surface.rima protrusion,usually of base material,bordering eitherpartially or completelly a hole,pit,or pock.specka discrete particle of unreacted or unwanted material ina ceramic body or glaze.straightness of sidesthe deviation from straightness of thecenter of the side in the plane of the tile,as measured by awedging apparatus(C-502).The measurement is only rel-evant to the straight sides of tiles.surface marksrelatively long,narrow,shallow grooves orcuts in the surface,such as scratches,score marks,andmachining marks.(See als