市环境监察面临的问题及对策研究行政管理专业.doc

哈尔滨市环境监察面临的问题及对策研究 摘要 随着经济不断发展，环境安全事故也不断发生，特别是在城市化进程的当下，建设和改造虽然满足了社会发展的需要，带来了科技的进步，但它也是一柄双刃剑，随之而来的是自然资源的浪费和生态环境的破坏，滥砍滥伐、过度采挖、工业垃圾，人与自然之间长久以来的稳定关系严重失衡，人类的居住环境受到前所未有的威胁和考验；很多证据直接或者间接的表明，正是由于环境的改变致使现代人多了层出不穷的健康问题：亚健康、慢性病、疑难病、人口老龄化，问题日益突出，城市的公共健康问题日趋恶化。 环境监察是在第二次世界大战之后逐渐被社会关注并上升到国家政策层面的。其主要依据环保理论与可持续发展理论。在社会领域，环境伦理学理论日渐兴起，20世纪中期时，地球自然生态和人类精神生态呈现出重重危机，人与自然关系的诸多问题引发了西方思想文化领域的反思和自省。20世纪60年代至70年代，环境保护运动作为“新社会运动”（New Social Movements）的一支，与反战运动、民权运动、妇女运动等一起席卷欧美，向西方社会主流的价值和意识形态发起挑战。改变过去主宰文学研究的“狭隘的人类中心主义”批评，并且在竭尽全力完成一个“朝向以生物为中心的世界观的转变”。 从目前哈尔滨市的整体情况而言，资源不合理开发利用是造成生态环境恶化的主要原因。一些地区环境保护意识不强，重开发轻保护，重建设轻维护，对资源采取掠夺式、粗放型开发利用方式，超过了生态环境承载能力；一些部门和单位监管薄弱，执法不严，管理不力，致使许多生态环境破坏的现象屡禁不止， 加剧了生态环境的退化。现有的技术和手段对这些环境问题缺乏有效的应对措施；同时，长期以来对生态环境保护和建设的投入不足，也是造成生态环境恶化的重要原因。切实解决生态环境保护的矛盾与问题，是一项长期而艰巨的任务。 鉴于此，本研究旨在通过对哈尔滨市地方政府环境监察现状的分析，把握目前地方政府环境监察执法中存在的问题，挖掘深层次原因，并在此基础上，结合哈尔滨市发展实际，提出地方政府环境监察改革方案，确保地方政府环境监察落到实处，切实改善哈尔滨市环境质量，促进哈尔滨市的健康、可持续发展。 关键词：环境监察；生态环境；可持续发展；哈尔滨市；环境承载能力 Abstract The continuous development of the economy, the environment security incidents have occurred, in particular, in the process of urbanization, construction and transformation while meet the development needs of our society, and has brought the progress of science and technology, but it is also a double-edged sword, which in turn could lead to the erosion of natural resources and environmental degradation, deforestation, over-dredging, industrial waste, and between man and nature which has been existing for a long time stable relations suffered a serious imbalance in the human living environment is threatened more than ever before and the test; a lot of evidence directly or indirectly indicate that it is the changes to the environment resulting in more modern people the endless stream of health problems: health, chronic diseases, incurable diseases, the aging of the population, and the problem has increasingly come to the fore, the city's public health problems worsened. The environment supervision is after the Second World War is paid attention gradually by the society and rises to the national policy stratification plane. Its main basis environmental protection theory and sustainable development theory. In the social domain, the environment ethics theory emerges day after day, when 20th century intermediate stages, the Earth natural ecology and the human energetic ecology presented layer on layer the crisis, the human and nature relations many questions have initiated Western thought culture domain reconsidering and engage in introspection.20th century 60's to 70's, environmental protection movement achievement “new social movement” (New Social Movements), with the anti-war movement, the civil rights movement, the women's movement and so on sweeps across Europe and America together, initiates the challenge to the Western society mainstream value and the ideology.The change controlled the literature research in the past “the narrow human center principle” the criticism, and was doing utmost completes one “to face take the biology as the central world outlook transformation”. From the current overall situation in Harbin city, and reasonable exploitation of resources is a major cause of deterioration of the ecological environment. Environmental awareness is not strong in some areas, heavy development light protection, heavy construction light maintenance, take a predatory, the extensive utilization of resources, over the ecological carrying capacity； some departments and units weak regulation, lax law enforcement, poor management, eco-environmental damage has left many repeated, contributing to environmental degradation. Existing technologies and means the lack of effective response to these environmental issues at the same time, insufficient inputs to the ecological environment protection and construction for a long time, are also important causes of deterioration of the ecological environment. Solving contradictions and problems of eco-environmental protection, is a long-term and arduous task. In view of this, the research is aimed at the city of Harbin local government monitoring of the environment analysis of the status of, and take advantage of the current local government monitoring of the environment in the process of law enforcement problems, digging deeper reason and, on this basis, in conjunction with Harbin city development of practical, local government environmental monitoring program of reform to ensure that local government monitoring of the environment to the letter, and to improve, Harbin city environmental quality and promote in Harbin city health and sustainable development. Keywords：Environmental monitoring； ecological environment； sustainable development； Harbin city； environmental carrying capacity 目 录 第一章 绪论 7 1.1 研究背景 7 1.2 研究意义 7 1.3 研究文献综述 8 1.3.1 国外相关研究现状 8 1.3.2 国内环境执法研究 9 1.4 主要概念界定 11 1.4.1 环境监察执法 11 1.