ASTM_F_1351_-_96_2013.pdf

Designation:F135196(Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forDetermination of the Effect of Hard Creasing Paper onImages Produced by Business Imaging Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1351;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for hard creasingpaper in a uniform and reproducible manner.1.2 The crease is positioned across the image and theamount of image degradion is determined.1.3 The effect of creasing on the paper surface can also bedetermined.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard(Withdrawn 2010)3D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side of Paper(Withdrawn 2009)33.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 hard-creasepaper folded 180(back to back,face toface,long grain,short grain)with a uniform force applied tothe fold.4.Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes a mechanical device that makesit possible to uniformly hard-crease samples of paper so thatcomparative tests may be performed on the samples.Compari-son may be made with a control sample.4.2 This practice also provides a means of locating thecrease over a line of copy.4.3 The image may be produced by any of the severalbusiness imaging systems including copiers,printers,typewriters,etc.5.Significance and Use5.1 As a comparative test,this practice can be used todetermine the damage caused by creasing paper,that is,damage to paper,coatings or images affixed to the paper andthe loss of image quality and legibility that can result fromcreasing.6.Interference6.1 The accuracy with which the crease is located on thepaper,that is,over an image area,is dependent on operator skilland the consistency with which the samples are prepared.6.2 Sample to sample variations in caliper,moisture content,grain direction,etc.,influence the damage caused by creasing.6.3 Similarly,using imaged paper samples,the imagingmaterial,the method of application,aging,as well as thesubstrate,may influence crease damage and the subsequentloss of image legibility.6.4 This practice is useful for papers of basis weightsnormally used for office correspondence.Heavy weight or stiffpapers may need special handling at the discretion of theperson conducting the test.7.Apparatus7.1 Fixture,hard-crease,see Fig.1.7.2 Paper Cutting Board.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved April 1,2013.Published April 2013.Originallyapproved in 1991.Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1351 96(2008).DOI:10.1520/F1351-96R13.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 8.Procedure8.1 Because the moisture content of paper effects thecreasability of paper,conduct the test in a room conditionedaccording to Practice D685.If such a room is not available,conduct the tests in a room with a stable temperature andhumidity.8.2 Test specimens are any imaged paper produced by abusiness imaging system such as copiers,printers,typewriters,etc.Position the image so that it will be creased in the mannerthat will simulate end use.8.3 Cut four sheets from each sample of paper to be tested,all with dimensions 812by 812in.(216 by 216 mm)in themachine direction and then cut four in the cross direction.Identify machine direction(duplicate sets of each grain direc-tion).Small images require cutting so as to locate the image oncrease.8.4 Determine and identify the“front,”“back,”imaged,unimaged,wire,or felt side and grain direction of control andthe sample sheets using Test Methods D528 and D5039.8.5 Condition the sheets for a minimum of 24 h in the testroom.8.6 Conduct duplicate tests in each direction and on eachside of the sheet.8.7 Bend,but do not