ASTM_A_6-A6M-14.pdf

Designation:A6/A6M-14NTERNATIONALStandard Specification forGeneral Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars,Plates,Shapes,and Sheet PilingThis standard is issued under the fixed designation A6/A6M:the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.ScopeA913/A913MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of Structural Quality.Produced by Quenching and Self-Tempering Process1.I This general requirements specificationcovers a group(QST)of common requirements that,unless otherwise specified in theA871/A871MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate With Atmo-applicable product specification,apply to rolled structural steelspheric Corrosion ResistanceA945/A945MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate with Lowbars,plates,shapes,and sheet piling covered by each of theCarbon and Restricted Sulfur for Improved Weldability.following product specifications issued by ASTM:Formability.and ToughnessA950/A950MFusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Structural Steel H-Piles andASTMTitle of SpecificationSheet PilingDesignationA992/A992MA36/A36MSteel for Structural Shapes for Use in Building FramingCarbon Structural SteelA1043/A1043MStructural Steel with Low Yield to Tensile Ratio for Use inA131/A131MStructural Steel for ShipsBuildingsA242UA242MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural SteelA1066/A1066MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate Produced byA283/A283MLow and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesThermo-Mechanical Controlled Process(TMCP)A328/A328MSteel Sheet PilingA514/A514MHigh-Yield Strength,Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel1.2 Annex Al lists permitted variations in dimensions andPlate Suitable for Weldingmass(Note 1)in SI units.The values listed are not exactA529/A529MHigh-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Qual-conversions of the values in Tables I to 31 inclusive but are.A572UA572MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steelinstead,rounded or rationalized values.Conformance to AnnexA573/A573MStructural Carbon Steel Plates of Improved ToughnessAl is mandatory when the Mspecification designation isA588/A588MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi(345MPa)Minimum Yield Point to 4 in.100 mml Thickused.A633yA633MNormalized High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel PlatesA656/A656MHot-Rolled Structural Steel,High-Strength Low-Alloy PlateNorE 1-The term weightis used when inch-pound units are thewith Improved Formabilitystandard;however,under SI,the preferred term is mass.A690/A690MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Steel H-Piles and Sheet Piling forUse in Marine Environments1.3 Annex A2 lists the dimensions of some shape profiles.A709/A709MCarbon and High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural SteelShapes,Plates,and Bars and Quenched-and-Tempered1.4 Appendix XI provides information on coil as a sourceAlloy Structural Steel Plates for Bridgesof structural products.A710/A710MAge-Hardening Low-Carbon Nickel-Copper-Chromium-Mo-ybdenum-Columbium Alloy Structural Steel Plates1.5 Appendix X2 provides information on the variability ofA769/A769MCarbon and High-Strength Electric Resistance Welded Steeltensile properties in plates and structural shapes.Structural ShapesA786/A786MRolled Steel Floor Plates1.6 Appendix X3 provides information on weldability.A827/A827MPlates,Carbon Steel,for Forging and Similar ApplicationsA829/A829MPlates,Alloy Steel,Structural Quality1.7 Appendix X4 provides information on cold bending ofA830/A830MPlates.Carbon Steel.Structural Quality.Fumished toplates,including suggested minimum inside radii for coldChemical Composition RequirementsA857/A857Mbending.Steel Sheet Piling.Cold Formed,Light GageA871/A871MHigh-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate With Atmo-1.8 This general requirements specification also covers aspheric Corrosion Resistancegroup of supplementary requirements that are applicable toseveral of the above product specifications as indicated therein.Such requirements are provided for use where additionalThis specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A0l on Steel.testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittceand apply only where specified individually in the purchaseA01.02 on Structural Steel for Bridges.Buildings.Rolling Stock and Ships.Current edition approved May 1.2014.Published May 2014.Originallyorder.approved in 1949.Last previous edition approved in 2013 as A6/A6M-13a.DOI:10.1520/A0006A0006M-14.1.9 In case of any conflict in requirements,the requirements2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications.see related Specifi-of the applicable product specification prevail over those of thiscation SA-6/SA-6M in Section II of that Code.general requirements specification.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrightASTM Intemational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700.West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesCopyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved):A6/A6M-141.10 Additional requirements that are specified in the pur-Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Fer-chase order and accepted by the supplier are permitted,ritic Steelsprovided that such requirements do not negate any of the2.2 American Welding Society Standards:5requirements of this general requirements specification or theA5.1/A5.IM Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodesapplicable product specification.A5.5/A5.5M Low-Alloy Steel Covered Arc-Welding Elec-1.11 For purposes of determining conformance with thistrodesgeneral requirements specification and the applicable productA5.17/A5.17M Specification For Carbon Steel Electrodesspecification,values are to be rounded to the nearest unit in theAnd Fluxes For Submerged Arc Weldingright-hand place of figures used in expressing the limitingA5.18/A5.18M Specification For Carbon Steel Electrodesvalues in accordance with the rounding method of PracticeAnd Rods For Gas Shielded Arc WeldingE29.A5.20/A5.20M Carbon Steel Electrodes For Flux Cored Arc1.12 The text of this general requirements specificationWeldingcontains notes or footnotes,or both,that provide explanatoryA5.23/A5.23M Low Alloy Steel Electrodes And Fluxes ForSubmerged Arc Weldingmaterial.Such notes and footnotes,excluding those in tablesand figures,do not contain any mandatory requirements.A5.28/A5.28M Specification For Low-Alloy Steel Elec-trodes And Rods For Gas Shielded Arc Welding1.13 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsA5.29/A5.29M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Elec-are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,thetrodes for Flux Cored Arc WeldingSI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in eachD1.1/D1.IM Structural Welding Code Steelsystem are not exact equivalents:therefore,each system is to2.3 U.S.Military Standards:5be used independently of the other,without combining valuesMIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storagein any way.MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products Preparation for Ship-1.14 This general requirements specification and the appli-ment and Storagecable product specification are expressed in both inch-pound2.4 U.S.Federal Standard:6units and SI units;however,unless the order specifies theFed.Std.No.123 Marking for Shipments(Civil Agencies)applicable Mspecification designation(SI units),the struc-tural product is furnished to inch-pound units.2.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Code:ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section IX1.15 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the3.Terminologyresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-3.I Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:biliry of regulatory limitations prior to use.3.1.1 Plates(other than floor plates)-Flat,hot-rolled steel,ordered to thickness or weight massand typically width and2.Referenced Documentslength,commonly classified as follows:3.1.1.I When Ordered to Thickness:2.1 ASTM Standards:3(/Over 8 in.200 mmin width and 0.230 in.6 mml orA131/A131M Specification for Structural Steel for Shipsover in thickness.A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing(2)Over 48 in.1200 mmin width and 0.180 in.4.5 mmof Steel Productsor over in thickness.A673/A673M Specification for Sampling Procedure for Im-3.1.1.2 When Ordered to Weight Mass:pact Testing of Structural Steel(/Over 8 in.200 mmin width and 9.392 Ib/ft2 47.10A700 Practices for Packaging,Marking,and Loading Meth-kg/mor heavierods for Steel Products for Shipment(Withdrawn 2014)(2)Over 48 in.1200 mmin width and 7.350 lb/ft2 35.32A751 Test Methods.Practices,and Terminology for Chemi-kg/mor heavier.cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA829/A829M Specification for Alloy Structural Steel Plates3.1.1.3 Discussion-Steel products are available in variousthickness,width,and length combinations depending uponA941 Terminology Relating to Steel,Stainless Steel,Relatedequipment and processing capabilities of various manufactur-Alloys,and Ferroalloysers and processors.Historic limitations of a product based uponE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data todimensions(thickness,width,and length)do not take intoDetermine Conformance with Specificationsaccount current production and processing capabilities.ToE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeE208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to3 Available from American Welding Society(AWS).550 NW LeJeune Rd.Miami.FL 33126.http:/www.aws.orgFor referenced ASTM standards.visit the ASTM website.www.astm.org.orAvailable from Standardization Documents Order Desk.DODSSP.Bldg.4.contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of A.STMSection D.700 Robbins Ave.Philadelphia.PA 19111-5098.http:/Standards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onwww.dodssp.daps.mil.the ASTM websiteAvailable from American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME).ASMEThe last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onInternational Headquarters,Two Park Ave.New York.NY 10016-5990.http:/www.astm.org.www.asme.org.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved):A6/A6M-14qualify any product to a particular product specification re-3.1.6 rimmed steel-steel containing sufficient oxygen toquires all appropriate and necessary tests be performed and thatgive a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide duringthe results meet the limits prescribed in that product specifi-soldification,resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free ofcation.If the necessary tests required by a product specificationvoids.cannot be conducted,the product cannot be qualified to that3.1.7 semi-killed steel-incompletely deoxidized steel con-specification.This general requirement standard contains per-taining sufficient oxygen to form enough carbon monoxidemitted variations for the commonly available sizes.Permittedduring solidification to offset solidification shrinkage.variations for other sizes are subject to agreement between thecustomer and the manufacturer or processor,whichever is3.1.8 capped steel-rimmed steel in which the rimmingapplicable.action is limited by an early capping operation.Capping is3.1.1.4 Slabs,sheet bars,and skelp,though frequentlycarried out mechanically by using a heavy metal cap on abottle-top mold or chemically by an addition of aluminum orfalling in the foregoing size ranges,are not classed as plates.ferrosilicon to the top of the molten steel in an open-top mold.3.1.1.5 Coils are excluded from qualification to the appli-cable product specification until they are decoiled,leveled or3.1.9 killed steel-steel deoxidized,either by addition ofstraightened,formed(if applicable),cut to length,and,ifstrong deoxidizing agents or by vacuum treatment,to reducerequired,properly tested by the processor in accordance withthe oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occursASTM specification requirements(see Sections 9-15,18,andbetween carbon and oxygen during solidification.19 and the applicable product specification).3.1.10 mill edge-the normal edge produced by rolling3.1.2 Shapes(Flanged Sections):between horizontal finishing rolls.A mill edge does not3.1.2.1 structural-size shapes-rolled flanged sections hav-conform to any definite contour.Mill edge plates have two milling at least one dimension of the cross section 3 in.75 mmoredges and two trimmed edges.greater.3.1.11 universal mill edge-the normal edge produced by3.1.2.2 bar-size shapes-rolled flanged sections having arolling between horizontal and vertical finishing rolls.Univer-maximum dimension of the cross section less than 3 in.75sal mill plates,sometimes designated UM Plates,have twomm.universal mill edges and two trimmed edges.3.l.2.3“W”shapes-doubly-symmetric,wide-flange3.1.12 sheared edge-the normal edge produced by shear-shapes with inside flange surfaces that are substantially paral-ing.Sheared edge plates are trimmed on all edges.lel.3.1.2.4 HPshapes-are wide-flange shapes generally3.1.13 gas cut edge-the edge produced by gas flamecutting.used as bearing piles whose flanges and webs are of the samenominal thickness and whose depth and width are essentially3.1.14 special cut edge-usually the edge produced by gasthe same.flame cutting involving special practices such as pre-heating or3.1.2.5 Sshapes-doubly-symmetric beam shapes withpost-heating,or both,in order to minimize stresses,avoidinside flange surfaces that have a slope of approximately 16%thermal cracking and reduce the hardness of the gas cut edgeqo.In special instances,special cut edge is used to designate an3.1.2.6 Mshapes-doubly-symmetric shapes that cannotedge produced by machining.be classified asW,“S,”or“HPshapes3.1.15 sketch-when used to describe a form of plate,3.1.2.7 Cshapes-channels with inside flange surfacesdenotes a plate other than rectangular,circular,or semi-that have a slope of approximately 1633%circular.3.1.2.8 MCshapes-channels that cannot be classified as3.1.16 normalizing-a heat treating process in which a steelCshapes.plate is reheated to a uniform temperature above the upper3.1.2.9 Lshapes-shapes having equal-leg and unequal-critical temperature and then cooled in air to below theleg angles.transformation range.3.1.3 sheet piling-rolled steel sections that are capable of3.1.17 plate-as-rolled-when used in relation to the locationbeing interlocked,forming a continuous wall when individualand number of tests,the term refers to the unit plate rolled frompieces are driven side by side.a slab or directly from an ingot.It does not refer to the3.1.4 bars-rounds,squares,and hexagons,of all sizes;flatscondition of the plate.14 in.(0.203 in.)and over over 5 mmin specified thickness,3.1.18 fine grain practice-a steelmaking practice that isnot over 6 in.150 mmin specified width;and flats 0.230 in.intended to produce a killed steel that is capable of meeting theand over over 6 mmin specified thickness,over 6 to 8 in.requirements for fine austenitic grain size.150 to 200 mminclusive,in specified width.3.1.18.I Discussion-It normally involves the addition of3.1.5 exclusive-when used in relation to ranges,as forone or more austenitic grain refining elements in amounts thatranges of thickness in the tables of permissible variations inhave been established by the steel producer as being sufficient.dimensions,is intended to exclude only the greater value of theAustenitic grain refining elements include,but are not limitedrange.Thus,a range from 60 to 72 in.1500 to 1800 mmto,aluminum,columbium,titanium,and vanadium.exclusive includes 60 in.1500 mml,but does not include 723.1.19 structural product-a hot-rolled steel plate,shape,in.1800 mml.sheet piling,or bar.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved):A6/A6M-143.1.20 coil-hot-rolled steel in coiled form that is intended4.1.13 Supplementary requirements,if any,including anyto be processed into a finished structural product.additional requirements called for in the supplementary re-3.1.21 manufacturer-the organization that directly controlsquirements:the conversion of steel ingots,slabs,blooms,or billets,by4.1.14 End use,if there are any end-use-specific require-hot-rolling,into an as-rolled structural product or into coil:andments(see 18.1,11.3.4,Table 22 or Table A1.22,and Table 24for structural products produced from as-rolled structuralor Table A1.24);products,the organization that directly controls,or is respon-4.1.15 Special requirements(see 1.10),if any:andsible for,the operations involved in finishing the structural4.1.16 Repair welding requirements(see 9.5),if any.product.5.Materials and Manufacture3.1.21.1 Discussion-Such finishing operations include lev-eling or straightening,hot forming or cold forming(if5.1 The steel shall be made in a basic-oxygen or electric-arcapplicable),welding(if applicable),cutting to length,testing,furnace,possibly followed by additional refining in a ladleinspection,conditioning,heat treatment(if applicable),metallurgy furnace(LMF)or secondary melting by vacuum-packaging,marking,loading for shipment,and certification.arc remelting(VAR)or electroslag remelting(ESR).3.1.22 processor-the organization that directly controls,or5.2 The steel shall be killed.is responsible for,the operations involved in the processing of5.3 The steel shall be strand cast or cast in stationary molds.coil into a finished structural product.Such processing opera-5.3.1 Strand Cast:tions include decoiling,leveling or straightening,hot-forming5.3.1.1 When heats of the same nominal chemical compo-or cold-forming(if applicable),welding(if applicable),cuttingsition are consecutively strand cast at one time,the heatto length,testing,inspection,conditioning,heat treatment(ifnumber assigned to the cast product need not be changed untilapplicable),packaging,marking,loading for shipment,andall of the steel in the cast product is from the following heat.certification.5.3.1.2 When two consecutively strand cast heats have3.1.22.1 Discussion-The processing operations need not bedifferent nominal chemical composition ranges,the manufac-done by the organization that did the hot rolling of the coil.Ifturer shall remove the transition material by an establishedonly one organization is involved in the hot rolling andprocedure that positively separates the grades.processing operations,that organization is termed the manu-5.4 Structural products shall be produced from an as-rolledfacturer for the hot rolling operation and the processor for thestructural product or from coil.processing operations.If more than one organization is in-volved in the hot rolling and processing operations,the5.5 Where part of a heat is rolled into an as-rolled structuralorganization that did the hot rolling is termed the manufacturerproduct and the balance of the heat is rolled into coil,each partand an organization that does one or more processing opera-shall be tested separately.tions is termed a processor.5.6 Structural products produced from coil shall not contain3.2 Refer to Terminology A941 for additional definitions ofsplice welds,unless previously approved by the purchaser.terms used in this standard.6.Heat Treatment4.Ordering Information6.1 Where the structural product is required to be heat4.1 Information items to be considered,if appropriate,fortreated,such heat treatment shall be performed by theinclusion in purchase orders are as follows:manufacturer,the processor,or the fabricator,unless otherwise4.1.I ASTM product specification designation(see 1.1)andspecified in the applicable product specification.year-date;NorE 2-When no heat treatment is required,the manufacturer or4.1.2 Name of structural product(plate,shape,bar,or sheetprocessor has the option of heat treating the structural product bynormalizing,stress relieving,or normalizing then stress relieving to meetpiling):the applicable product specification.4.1.3 Shape designation,or size and thickness or diameter;6.2 Where the heat treatment is to be performed by other4.1.4 Grade,class,and type designation,if applicable;than the manufacturer,the order shall so state.4.1.5 Condition(see Section 6),if other than as-rolled;6.2.1 Where the heat treatment is to be performed by other4.1.6 Quantity(weight massor number of pieces):than the manufacturer,the structural products shall be accepted4.1.7 Length;on the basis of tests made on test specimens taken from full4.1.8 Exclusion of either structural product produced fromthickness test coupons heat treated in accordance with thecoil or structural product produced from an as-rolled structuralrequirements specified in the applicable product specificationproduct(see 5.4 and Appendix X1),if applicable;or in the purchase order.If the heat-treatment temperatures are4.1.9 Heat treatment requirements(see 6.2 and 6.3),if any:not specified,the manufacturer or processor shall heat treat the4.1.10 Testing for fine austenitic grain size(see 8.3.2);test coupons under conditions the manufacturer or processor4.1.11 Mechanical property test report requirements(seeconsiders appropriate,provided that the purchaser is informedSection 14),if any:of the procedure followed in heat treating the test coupons.4.1.12 Special packaging,marking,and loading for ship-6.3 Where the heat treatment is to be performed by thement requirements(see Section 19),if any:manufacturer or the processor,the structural product shall beCopyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved):A6/A6M-14heat treated as specified in the applicable product specification,Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751.The productor as specified in the purchase order,provided that the heatanalyses so determined shall conform to the heat analysistreatment specified by the purchaser is not in conflict with therequirements of the applicable product specification for therequirements of the applicable product specification.applicable grade,class,and type,subject to the permitted6.4 Where normalizing is to be performed by the fabricator,variations in product analysis given in Table A.If a range isthe structural product shall be either normalized or heatedspecified,the determinations of any element in a heat shall notuniformly for hot forming,provided that the temperature tovary both above and below the specified range.Rimmed orwhich the structural product is heated for hot forming does notcapped steel is characterized by a lack of homogeneity in itssignificantly exceed the normalizing position,especially for the elements carbon,phosphorusand sulfur.Therefore,the limitations for these elements shall6.5 The use of cooling rates that are faster than thosenot be applicable unless misapplication is clearly indicated.obtained by cooling in air to improve the toughness shall besubject to approval by the purchaser,and structural products so7.3 Referee Analysis-For referee purposes,Test Methods,treated shall be tempered subsequently in the range from 1100Practices,and Terminology A751 shall be used.to1300F595to705C1.7.4 Grade Substitution-Alloy steel grades that meet thechemical requirements of Table I of Specification A829/7.Chemical AnalysisA829M shall not be substituted for carbon steel grades.7.1 Heat Analysis:7.1.I Sampling for chemical analysis and methods of analy-8.Metallurgical Structuresis shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices,and8.1 Where austenitic grain size testing is required,suchTerminology A751.testing shall be in accordance with Test Methods E112 and at7.1.2 For each heat,the heat analysis shall include determi-least 70 of the grains in the area examined shall meet thenation of the content of carbon,manganese,phosphorus,sulfur,specified grain size requirement.silicon,nickel,chromium,molybdenum,copper,vanadium,columbium;any other element that is specified or restricted by8.2 Coarse Austenitic Grain Size-Where coarse austeniticthe applicable product specification for the applicable grade,grain size is specified,one austenitic grain size test per heatclass,and type;and any austenitic grain refining elementshall be made and the austenitic grain size number so deter-whose content is to be used in place of austenitic grain sizemined shall be in the range of I to 5 inclusive.testing of the heat(see 8.3.2).Boron shall be reported if8.3 Fine Austenitic Grain Size:intentionally added.8.3.1 Where fine austenitic grain size is specified,except asNorE 3-For steels that do not have intentional boron additions forallowed in 8.3.2,one austenitic grain size test per heat shall behardenability.the boron content will not normally exceed 0.0008%made and the austenitic grain size number so determined shall7.1.3 Except as allowed by 7.1.4 for primary heats,heatbe 5 or higher.analyses shall conform to the heat analysis requirements of theNorE 4-Such austenitic grain size numbers may be achieved withapplicable product specification for the applicable grade,class,lower contents of austenitic grain refining elements than 8.3.2 requires forand type.austenitic grain size testing to be waived.7.1.4 Where vacuum-arc remelting or electroslag remelting8.3.2 Unless testing for fine austenitic grain size is specifiedis used,a remelted heat is defined as all ingots remelted fromin the purchase order,an austenitic grain size test need not bea single primary heat.If the heat analysis of the primary heatmade for any heat that has,by heat analysis,one or more of theconforms to the heat analysis requirements of the applicablefollowing:product specification for the applicable grade,class,and type,8.3.2.1 A total aluminum content of 0.020 or more.the heat analysis for the remelted heat shall be determined from8.3.2.2 An acid soluble aluminum content of 0.015 orone test sample taken from one remelted ingot,or the productmore.of one remelted ingot,from the primary heat.If the heat8.3.2.3 A content for an austenitic grain refining elementanalysis of the primary heat does not conform to the heatthat exceeds the minimum value agreed to by the purchaser asanalysis requirements of the applicable product specificationbeing sufficient for austenitic grain size testing to be waived,orfor the applicable grade,type,and class,the heat analysis for8.3.2.4 Contents for the combination of two or more auste-the remelted heat shall be determined from one test samplenitic grain refining elements that exceed the applicable mini-taken from each remelted ingot,or the product of eachmum values agreed to by the purchaser as being sufficient forremelted ingot,from the primary heat.austenitic grain size testing to be waived.7.2 Product Analysis-For each heat,the purchaser shallhave the option of analyzing representative samples taken from9.Qualitythe finished structural product.Sampling for chemical analysis9.1 General-Structural products shall be free of injuriousand methods of analysis shall be in accordance with Testdefects and shall have a workmanlike finish.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);