ASTM_E_2864_-_13.pdf

Designation:E286413Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Airborne Metal and Metal OxideNanoparticle Surface Area Concentration in InhalationExposure Chambers using Krypton Gas Adsorption1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2864;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of surface area ofairborne metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in inhalationexposure chambers for inhalation toxicology studies.Surfacearea may be measured by gas adsorption methods usingadsorbates such as nitrogen,krypton,and argon(Brunauer etal.,1938;Anderson,1975;Gregg and Sing,1982)(1,2,3)2orby ion attachment and mobility-based methods(Ku andMaynard,2005)(4).This test method is specific to themeasurement of surface area by gas adsorption by krypton gasadsorption.The test method permits the use of any moderncommercial krypton adsorption instruments but strictly definesthe sample collection,outgassing,and analysis procedures formetal and metal oxide nanoparticles.Use of krypton is requireddue to the low overall surface area of particle-laden samplesand the need to accurately measure the background surfacearea of the filter used for sample collection.Instrument-reported values of surface area based on the multipointBrunauer,Emmett and Teller(BET)equation(Brunauer et al.,1938;Anderson,1975;Gregg and Sing,1982)(1,2,3)are usedto calculate surface area of airborne nanoparticles collected ona filter.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.State all numerical values in terms of SI units unlessspecific instrumentation software reports surface area usingalternate units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B922 Test Method for Metal Powder Specific Surface Areaby Physical AdsorptionC1274 Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific SurfaceArea by Physical AdsorptionE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE2456 Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 9277 Determination of the Specific Surface Area ofSolids by Gas Adsorption using the BET MethodISO 18757 Fine Ceramics(Advanced Ceramics,AdvancedTechnical Ceramics)Determination of Specific surfaceArea of Ceramic Powders by Gas Adsorption using theBET Method3.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor additional definitions related tonanotechnology,see Terminology E2456.3.1.1 nanoparticles,ninnanotechnology,asub-classification of ultrafine particle with lengths in two or threedimensions greater than 0.001 micrometre(1 nanometre)andsmaller than about 0.1 micrometre(100 nanometres)and whichmay or may not exhibit a size-related intensive property.E24563.1.2 adsorbate,nmaterial that has been retained by theprocess of adsorption.B9223.1.3 adsorbent,nany solid having the ability to concen-trate or collect significant quantities of other substances on itssurface.B9223.1.4 adsorption,na process in which fluid molecules areconcentrated or collected on a surface by chemical or physicalforces,or both.B9221This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 onNanotechnology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.02 onPhysical and Chemical Characterization.Current edition approved Sept.1,2013.Published October 2013.DOI:10.1520/E2864-13.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25 W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 3.1.5 BET-constant,nan indication of the magnitude ofthe adsorbent/adsorbate interactions in the first adsorbed layer.3.1.6 outgassing,nthe evolution of gas from a material ina vacuum or inert gas flow,at or above ambient temperature.B9223.1.7 physical adsorption(van der Waals adsorption),nthe binding of an adsorbate to the surface of a solid byforces whose energy levels approximate those of condensation.B9223.1.8 surface area,nthe total area of the surface of apowder or solid including both external and accessible internalsurfaces(from voids,cracks,open porosity,and fissures