长沙理工大学综合英语翻译长沙理工大学综合英语翻译unit1笛卡尔错了：“他人在，故我在〞AccordingtoUbuntuphilosophy,whichhasitsoriginsinancientAfrica,anewbornbabyisnotaperson.Peoplearebornwithout‘ena’,orselfhood,andinsteadmustacquireitthroughinteractionsandexperiencesovertime.Sothe‘self’/‘other’distinctionthat’saxiomaticinWesternphilosophyismuchblurrierinUbuntuthought.AstheKenyan-bornphilosopherJohnMbitiputitinAfricanReligionsandPhilosophy(1975):‘Iambecauseweare,andsinceweare,thereforeIam.’乌班图哲学起源于古代非洲。按照它的说法，新生儿尚不能称为“人〞。初生时，人没有自我。随着时间的推移，在互动和经验中才能习得它。因此，西方哲学中自我／他者之间清晰的分野在乌班图哲学中变得模糊起来。出生于肯尼亚的哲学家约翰·姆比蒂（JohnMbiti）在著作非洲的宗教与哲学（AfricanReligionsandPhilosophy）中如是说：我在，因为我们在；因为我们在，所以我在。Weknowfromeverydayexperiencethatapersonispartlyforgedinthecrucibleofcommunity.Relationshipsinformself-understanding.WhoIamdependsonmany‘others’:myfamily,myfriends,myculture,myworkcolleagues.TheselfItakegroceryshopping,say,differsinheractionsandbehavioursfromtheselfthattalkstomyPhDsupervisor.Evenmymostprivateandpersonalreflectionsareentangledwiththeperspectivesandvoicesofdifferentpeople,beitthosewhoagreewithme,thosewhocriticise,orthosewhopraiseme.日常经验告诉我们，一个人一局部从社会的历练中锻造出来。社会关系赋予我们自我认知。我是谁，这个问题的答案依赖于众多他者：家庭、朋友、文化背景、同事等等。在杂货店购物的我和与博士导师交谈的我不是同一个自我。即便是私密、最个人的思绪也不同人的观点和声音纠缠在一起，无论是那些赞同我的人，还是那些批评我的人，抑或是那些赞美我的人。Yetthenotionofafluctuatingandambiguousselfcanbedisconcerting.Wecanchalkupthisdiscomfort,inlargepart,toRenéDescartes.The17th-centuryFrenchphilosopherbelievedthatahumanbeingwasessentiallyself-containedandself-sufficient;aninherentlyrational,mind-boundsubject,whooughttoencountertheworldoutsideherheadwithskepticism.WhileDescartesdidn’tsingle-handedlycreatethemodernmind,hewentalon...
