ASTM_C_323_-_56_2016.pdf

Designation:C32356(Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Methods forChemical Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware Clays1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C323;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of claysused in the manufacture of ceramic whitewares.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:SectionMoisture7Loss on Ignition8Silica9Iron,Aluminum,and Titanium Oxides10Iron Oxide11Titania12Alumina13Lime14Magnesia15Alkalies16NOTE1These test methods have been compiled as standard proce-dures for use in referee analyses.These test methods,however,when thedetermination of iron oxide as Fe2O3is involved,are not intended topreclude the use of other procedures that give results within the permis-sible variations.For the sake of uniformity the classical Zimmerman-Reinhardt procedure is specified for the determination of iron oxide.It isrecognized that numerous other procedures are equally accurate and oftenmore convenient.The other procedures commonly in use include reduc-tion of an oxidized solution with zinc or other metal,and titration withstandard potassium permanganate(KMnO4)or potassium dichromate(K2Cr2O7)solution,as well as titration with a standard solution of titanouschloride in an oxidized solution.These procedures shall be consideredacceptable,provided the analyst has obtained results by his specialprocedure that check with the Zimmerman-Reinhardt procedure within thelimits specified in Section 17.It is suggested that National Institute ofStandards and Technology standard samples be used for checking theaccuracy of procedures.It will be understood that the making of a complete analysis of aceramic whiteware clay is a difficult procedure requiring a wide knowl-edge of the chemistry involved in the operations and a thorough trainingin carrying out the work.A skilled analyst of good training is thereforerequired to do the work.The descriptions here given cover the vital pointsof procedure,but frequent reference in regard to the details of the variousmanipulations should be made to“Applied Inorganic Analysis”byHillebrand and Lundell2and to similar publications.Particularly in thedetermination of alumina,reference should be made to Scientific PaperNo.286 of the National Bureau of Standards.31.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to beregarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses arefor information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4C322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware ClaysE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3.Reagents3.1 Unless otherwise indicated,it is intended that all re-agents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,wheresuch specifications are available.5Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.Unless otherwise indicated,references towater shall be understood to mean distilled water.Paragraphs3.1.1 3.1.16 include those reagents common to two or moreof the analytical procedures.Other reagents will be found listedwith the particular test method in which they are prescribed.3.1.1 Concentrated Acids and Ammonium HydroxideConcentrated acids and ammonium hydroxide of approxi-mately the following specific gravities or concentrations willbe required:1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C21.04 on Raw Materials.Current edition approved July 1,2016.Published July 2016.Originally approvedin 1956.Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C323 56(2011).DOI:10.1520/C0323-56R16.2Hillebrand,W.F.,and Lundell,G.E.F.,Applied Inorganic Analysis,Wiley andSon,New York,1929.3Blum,W.,“Determination of Alumina as Oxide,”National Bureau ofStandards,Scientific Paper No.286.4For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Reagent Chemicals,American Chemical Society Specifications,AmericanChemical Society,Washington,DC.For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society,see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals,BDH Ltd.,Pool