Designation:E2860−12StandardTestMethodforResidualStressMeasurementbyX-RayDiffractionforBearingSteels1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2860;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.INTRODUCTIONThemeasurementofresidualstressusingX-raydiffraction(XRD)techniqueshasgainedmuchpopularityinthematerialstestingfieldoverthepasthalfcenturyandhasbecomeamandatorytestformanyproductionandprototypebearingcomponents.However,measurementpracticeshaveevolvedoverthistimeperiod.Witheachevolutionarystep,itwasdiscoveredthatpreviousassumptionsweresometimeserroneous,andassuch,resultsobtainedwerelessreliablethanthoseobtainedusingstate-of-the-artXRDtechniques.Equipmentandproceduresusedtodayoftenreflectdifferentperiodsinthisevolution;forexample,systemsthatstillusethesingle-anddouble-exposuretechniquesaswellasothersthatusemoreadvancedmultipleexposuretechniquescanallcurrentlybefoundinwidespreaduse.Moreover,manyassumptionsmade,suchasnegligibleshearcomponentsandnon-oscillatorysin2ψdistributions,cannotsafelybemadeforbearingmaterialsinwhichthedemandformeasurementaccuracyishigh.Theuseofthemostcurrenttechniquesis,therefore,mandatorytoachievenotonlythemostreliablemeasurementresultsbutalsotoenableidentificationandevaluationofpotentialmeasurementerrors,thuspavingthewayforfuturedevelopments.1.Scope1.1Thistestmethodcoversaprocedureforexperimentallydeterminingmacroscopicresidualstresstensorcomponentsofquasi-isotropicbearingsteelmaterialsbyX-raydiffraction(XRD).1.2Thistestmethodprovidesaguideforexperimentallydeterminingstressvalues,whichplayasignificantroleinbearinglife.1.3Examplesofhowtensorvaluesareusedare:1.3.1Detectionofgrindingtypeandabusivegrinding;1.3.2Determinationoftoolwearinturningoperations;1.3.3Monitoringofcarburizingandnitridingresidualstresseffects;1.3.4Monitoringeffe...
