ASTM_C_140-21.pdf

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.Designation:C140/C140M-21NTERNATIONALStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnitsThis standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M:the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope*SectionMeasurement of Dimensions1.1 These test methods provide various testing proceduresCompressive Strength7commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concreteAbsorptionmasonry units and related concrete units.Methods are providedCalculations9Report10for sampling,measurement of dimensions,compressiveKeywords11strength,absorption,unit weight(density),moisture content,Annexes-Test Proceduresflexural load,and ballast weight.Not all methods are appli-Concrete Masonry UnitsAnnex A1Concrete and Calcium Silicate BrickAnnex A2cable to all unit types,however.Segmental RetainingAnnex A31.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included inWall UnitsConcrete Interlocking Paving UnitsAnnex A4annexes to these test methods for the following specific unitConcrete Grid PavingAnnex A5types:UnitsConcrete Roof PaversAnnex A6Annex A1-Concrete masonry unitsDry-Cast ArticulatingAnnex A7(Specifications C90,C129)Concrete BlockAnnex A2-Concrete and calcium silicate brickSegmental Concrete Paving SlabsAnnex A8(Specifications C55,C73,C1634)Worksheet and Test Report forAppendix X1Annex A3-Segmental retaining wall units(Specification C1372)Concrete Masonry UnitsAnnex A4-Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)NorE 1-The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldAnnex A5-Concrete grid paving units(Specification C1319)be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.Annex A6-Concrete roof pavers(Specification C1491)1.5 The text of this test method references notes andAnnex A7-Dry-cast articulating concrete blockfootnotes that provide explanatory material.These notes and(Specification D6684)footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures)shall not beAnnex A8-Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs(Specification C1782/C1782M)considered as requirements of the standard.1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsalso applicable to other types of units not referenced in theseare to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated intest methods,but specific testing and reporting requirementseach system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,eachfor those units are not included.system shall be used independently of the other.Combining1.4 These test methods include the following sections:values from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.SectionScope11.7 This standard does not purport to address all of theReferenced Documents2safery concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theTerminology3responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-Significance and UseSamplingpriate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 ondance with internationally recognized principles on standard-Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommitteeization established in the Decision on Principles for theC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related UnitsCurrent edition approved July 1.2021.Published July 2021.Originally approvedDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-in 1938.Last previous edition approved in 2020 as C140/C140M-20a.DOI:mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical10.1520/C0140C0140M-21.Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Intemational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700.West Conshohocken.PA 19428-2959.United States1C140/C140M-212.Referenced Documents4.Significance and Use2.1 ASTM Standards:24.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsC55 Specification for Concrete Building Brickfor application to a broad range of concrete products.ThoseC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick(Sand-Limegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thisBrick)standard.C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsNoTE 2-Consult manufacturer,supplier,product specifications,orC129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonryother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forUnitsthose products not addressed with the annex of this standard.C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsConcretein two distinct sections,the requirements applicable to all unitsC936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlockingcovered by these test methods and those applicable to thePaving Unitsspecific unit types.The requirements applicable to all units areC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies forincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicableMasonryto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.C1232 Terminology for MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units5.SamplingC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:Units5.1.1 For purposes of testing,full-sized units shall beC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof Paversselected by the purchaser or authorized representative.TheC1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units,Re-selected specimens shall be of similar configuration andlated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testingdimensions.Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick and Otherof units from which they are selected.Concrete Masonry Facing Units5.2 Number of Specimens:C1716/C1716M Specification for Compression Testing Ma-5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,achine Requirements for Concrete Masonry Units,Relatedset of units shall consist of six full-size units.Units,and PrismsC1782/C1782M Specification for Segmental Concrete Pav-5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens(includinging Slabsthe cores)prior to determining the received weight.D1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials-NorE 3-An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeSponge or Expanded Rubberloose material.D6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Ar-5.4 Identification-Mark each specimen so that it may beticulating Concrete Block(ACB)Systemsidentified at any time.Markings shall cover not more than 5%E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machinesof the surface area of the specimen.E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing5.5 Received Weight-Prior to performing tests.weigh each2.2 Other Documents:specimen after sampling and marking,and record as w,(re-SP 960-12 NIST Recommended Practice Guide-Stopwatchceived weight).Record time and place w,was measured.and Timer CalibrationNorE 4-Received weights often have direct relationships with other3.Terminologyunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sorting purposes.It is good laboratory practice to separate sampled3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6units for strength and absorption testing by received weight,such that theshall apply for these test methods.averages of the subsets of specimens are similar and representative of thesampled units.Received weight may also be useful in evaluating incon-3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:sistency in test results or unit production issues.The weight of a concrete3.2.1 lot,n-any number of concrete masonry units ormasonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure conditionsrelated units,designated by the producer,of any configurationprimarily as a result of the moisture within the unit.Therefore,toor dimension manufactured by the producer using the sameunderstand the context of a received weight value,it is also important tomaterials,concrete mix design,manufacturing process,andunderstand the point in time and the frame of reference when that weightwas determined.Time and placeshould not refer to when and where thecuring method.unit was sampled but when and where the received weights were3.2.2 web,n-any portion of a hollow concrete masonrydetermined.In addition to date and time references,it is also important tounit connecting the face shells.know if those weights were determined after units reached equilibrium3.2.2.1 Discussion-A web can be either an end web orwith lab environment,or before units were shipped,or after delivery to thejob site,and so forth.Moisture content is not a physical propertyinterior web connecting face shells.All portions of a unitrequirement of concrete masonry units,therefore field measurement ofconnecting face shells are considered webs.received weight is not necessary(unless specifically specified for aparticular job).2 For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,or6.Measurement of Dimensionscontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information.refer to the standards Document Summary page on6.1 Apparatus:the ASTM website.6.1.1 Measurement Devices-Devices used to measureAvailable at http:/tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2281.pdfspecimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than2C140/C140M-210.1 in.2.5 mmwhen the dimension is to be reported to theface units,which have irregular surfaces,should be divided at the timenearest 0.1 in.2.5 mmand not greater than 0.01 in.they are sampled from the lot,such that the absorption test specimens have0.25 mmwhen the dimension is to be reported to the nearesta net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isrepresentative of the compression test specimens.0.01in.0.25mml.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed orthe division required to be reported.Accuracy shall be verifiedrequired by the standard or applicable annex,sawing shall beat least once annually.Verification record shall include date ofperformed in an accurate,competent manner,subjecting theverification,person or agency performing verification,identi-specimen to as little saw vibration as possible.Use a diamondfication of reference standard used,test points used duringsaw blade of proper hardness.Following cutting,residue fromverification,and readings at test points.the cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuingtesting(see Note 9).If the specimen is wetted during sawing,6.2 Specimens-Three full-size units shall be selected forallow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory airmeasurement of dimensions.conditions before testing,using the procedures outlined in6.3 Measurements-Measure specimens in accordance with7.2.3the applicable annex of this standard.For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard,measure overallNorE 9-For specimens cut with a wet saw,rinsing with clean water isdimensions(width,height,length)in at least two locations ontypically sufficient for removing cutting residue.For specimens cut with adry saw,brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient foropposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division requiredremoving cutting residue.to be reported.Document location of each measurement on asketch or photograph of the specimen.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testNorE 5-Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedspecimens can not be determined by 9.5.1,saw-cut an addi-in other tests.tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of theNorE 6-Calipers,micrometers,and steel scales and dividers of theappropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate forthree compression test specimens.The average net area for thethese measurements.saw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated as7.Compressive Strengthrequired in 9.5.Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimensshall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.7.1 Test Apparatus-The compressive strength testing ma-chine shall conform to Specification C1716/C1716M.7.3 Capping-Cap test specimens in accordance with Prac-tice C1552.NorE 7-Previous versions of this standard have contained specificrequirements for compressive strength test machines.These requirements7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:have been replaced with reference to Specification C1716/C1716M.7.4.1 Position of Specimens-Test specimens with the cen-7.2 Test Specimens:troid of their bearing surfaces aligned vertically with the center7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,of thrust of the spherically seated steel bearing block of thetest three specimens in compression.testing machine(Note 10).Except for special units intended for7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,use with their cores in a horizontal direction,test all hollowspecimens shall be full-sized units except when the unitsconcrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical direction.cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configuration orTest masonry units that are 100%solid and special hollowtesting machine requirements.In these cases,reduce theunits intended for use with their hollow cores in a horizontalspecimen size in accordance with Annex Al.direction in the same direction as in service.Prior to testing7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory,store compressioneach unit,ensure that the upper platen moves freely within itsspecimens(unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in.spherical seat to attain uniform seating during testing13 mmon all sides)continuously in air at a temperature of7515F 24 8Cand a relative humidity of less thanNorE 10-For those masonry units that are symmetrical about an axis,80%for not less than 48 h.Alternatively,if compressionthe location of that axis can be determined geometrically by dividing thedimension perpendicular to that axis(but in the same plane)by two.Forresults are required sooner,store units unstacked in the samethose masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an axis,the location ofenvironment described above with a current of air from anthat axis can be determined by balancing the masonry unit on a knife edgeelectric fan passing over them for a period of not less than 4 h.or a metal rod placed parallel to that axis.If a metal rod is used,the rodContinue passing air over the specimens until two successiveshall be straight,cylindrical(able to roll freely on a flat surface).have aweighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss notdiameter of not less than 0.25 in.6 mmand not more than 0.75 in.19mm.and its length shall be sufficient to extend past each end of thegreater than 0.2 of the previously determined weight of thespecimen when placed upon it.The metal rod shall be placed on a smooth.specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on anyflat,level surface.Once determined,the centroidal axis shall be marked onsurface of the unit.Specimens shall not be subjected tothe end of the unit using a pencil or marker having a marking width of notoven-drying.greater than 0.05 in.1.5 mm.A tamping rod used for consolidation ofconcrete and grout for slump tests performed in accordance with TestNorE 8-In this test method,net area(other than certain solid units,seeMethod C143/C143M is often used as a balancing rod.9.5)is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing.The compressive strength method is based on the assumption7.4.2 Moisture Condition of Specimens-At the time thethat units used for determining net volume(absorption specimens)havespecimens are tested,they shall be free of visible moisture orthe same net volume as units used for compression testing.Sampled splitdampness.C140/C140M-217.4.3 Speed of Testing-Apply the load(up to one half of thespecimen surface is to limit the possibility of reduced absorption of waterexpected maximum load)at any convenient rate,after whichdue to blockage by the spacer.In order to determine compliance,only theadjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniformarea of the surface of the specimen in contact with the spacer should beconsidered.For example,when a spacer is used between the bottom of therate of travel of the moving head such that the remaining loadspecimen and the bottom of the tank,only the area of the bottom of theis applied in not less than I nor more than 2 min.The resultsunit should be used to determine the 10%limit(not the surface area of theof the first specimen shall not be discarded so long as the actualentire specimen).loading time for the second half of the actual load is greater8.3.2 Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wirethan 30 s.and completely submerged in water and record w,(immersedNorE 11-The allowance for a loading rate outside of I to 2 min for theweight).first specimen acknowledges that the expected load may be different than8.3.3 Remove the specimens from water and allow to drainthe actual maximum load.The load rate for the remaining two specimensby placing them on a 0.375-in.10-mmor coarser wire mesh.should be adjusted based on the first specimen results.While the specimen is draining and before weighing,remove7.4.4 Maximum Load-Record the maximum compressivevisible surface water with a damp cloth.Weigh specimens 60load in pounds newtonsas P5s following removal from water.Record as w,(saturatedweight).8.Absorption8.3.4 Subsequent to saturation,dry all specimens in a8.1 Apparatus-Unless specified otherwise in the appropri-ventilated oven at23091l05Cfor not less than24ate annex,the following equipment shall be used:h and until two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h show8.1.1 Balance-A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 ofan increment of loss not greater than 0.2 of the lastthe weight of the smallest specimen tested.Balances shall bepreviously determined weight of the specimen.Record weightcalibrated in accordance with Practice C1093.of dried specimens as w(oven-dry weight).8.1.2 Oven-A ventilated oven of appropriate size capableof maintaining a uniform temperature of 230+9F9.Calculations1105C.Ovens shall be verified in accordance withPractice C1093.9.1 Absorption-Calculate absorption as follows:8.1.3 Timer-A timer readable and accurate to 1 second.Absorption,Ib/ft=(w,-w)/(w,-w)x 62.4(1)Timers shall be verified in accordance with Practice C1093.(See Note 12.)Absorption,kgm3=(w,-w/(w,-w,)】1000NorE 12-Recommended procedures for verifying timers can be foundAbsorption,=(w,-w)/wx 100in NIST Special Publication 960-12(2009):NIST Recommended PracticeGuide-Stopwatch and Timer Calibrations.where:8.2 Test Specimens:ws saturated weight of specimen,Ib kg,8.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,W:immersed weight of specimen,Ib kg,andtest three specimens in absorption.wa oven-dry weight of specimen,Ib kg.8.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,9.2 Moisture Content-Calculate the moisture content of thetests shall be performed on full-sized units or specimensunit at the time it is sampled(when w,is measured)as follows:saw-cut from full-sized units.Calculated values for absorptionMoisture Content,of total absorptionand density of reduced-size absorption specimens shall be(w,-w)/(w,-w100(2)considered as representative of the whole unit.8.2.2.1 When test specimens are saw-cut from full-sizedwhere:units,the test specimen shall have an initial weight after cuttingw,received weight of unit,Ib kg,of no less than 20 of the initial received weight of thew=oven-dry weight of unit,Ib kg,andfull-sized unit.w.saturated weight of unit,Ib kg.NorE 15-When determining the moisture content of a unit or set ofNorE 13-When performing absorption tests on reduced-sizedunits,the value determined is a measure of the water content of a unitspecimens,it is preferable to have a test specimen that is as large asbased upon the received weight of the unit w,.Thus,the moisture contentpractically possible and can be accommodated by laboratory equipment.calculation above is only applicable to the unit moisture content at theThis helps to reduce any location-specific variability from the absorptiontime the received weight,w.is obtained.results.9.3 Density-Calculate oven-dry density as follows:8.3 Procedure:8.3.1 Immerse the test specimens in water at a temperatureDensity(D),Ib/ft3=w/(w,-w)x62.4(3of 60 to 80F 15 to 27Cfor 24 to 28 h such that the topsurfaces of the specimens are at least 6 in.150 mmbelow theDensity(D).kg/m3 w/(w,-w)x 1000surface of the water.Specimens shall be separated from eachwhere:other and from the bottom of the immersion tank by at leastw=oven-dry weight of specimen,Ib kg,0.125 in.3 mm,using wire mesh,grating,or other spacers.w,saturated weight of specimen,lb kg,andThe spacer shall not cover more than 10 of the area of thew=immersed weight of specimen,Ib kg.face that is in direct contact with the spacer(see Note 14).9.4 Net Volume-Calculate net volume in accordance withNorE 14-The intent of the requirement for spacer contact with theeither 9.4.1 or 9.4.2:4C140/C140M-219.4.1 Except for irregularly shaped specimens,such as thosewhere:with split surfaces,calculate the net volume of those specimensAggross area of specimen,in.2 mm2,whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to theL average length of specimen,in.mm,andbearing surface is equal to the gross cross-sectional areaW average width of specimen,in.mm.measured in the same plane,as follows:9.6.1 The gross cross-sectional area of a specimen is theNet Volume(V),ft3=(LWH)yM1728(4)total area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load,including areas within cells and reentrant spaces,unless theseNet Volume(V),cm=(L X W X H)/10spaces are to be occupied in the masonry by portions ofwhere:adjacent masonry.V=net volume of specimen,ft cm3.9.7 Compressive Strength:L average length of the specimen,in.mm,9.7.1 Net Area Compressive Strength-Calculate the netW average width of the specimen,in.mm,andarea compressive strength of the specimen as follows:H=average height of the specimen in.mm.Net Area Compressive Strength,psi MPa=P/A(9)9.4.2 Calculate net volume for all other specimens,includ-where:ing hollow units as follows:Pmaxmaximum compressive load,Ib N,andNet Volume(V)ft=w/D=(w,-w)/62.4(5)An.avgaverage of the net area values determined for eachof the three absorption specimens,in.mm2.Net Volume(Vn),cm3=w/D10=(w,-w,)109.7.2 Gross Area Compressive Strength-Calculate thewhere:gross area compressive strength of the specimen as follows:V=net volume of specimen.ftcmGross Area Compressive Strength,psi MPa=PA(10)wa oven-dry weight of specimen,Ib kg.D oven-dry density of specimen,Ib/ftkg m.where:Wsaturated weight of specimen,Ib kg,andmaximum compressive load,Ib N,andw=immersed weight of specimen,Ib kg.Ag.avgaverage of the gross area values determined foreach of the three specimens,in.mm2.9.5 Average Net Area-Calculate net area in accordancewith 9.5.1 and 9.5.2 as follows:10.Report9.5.1 Except for irregularly shaped specimens,such as thosewith split surfaces,calculate the net area of coupons and those10.1 For the purpose of reporting test results,all observed orspecimens whose net cross-sectional area in every planecalculated values shall be rounded using the following proce-dure:parallel to the bearing surface is equal to the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane,as follows:10.1.1 When the digit immediately after the last place to beretained is less than 5,retain unchanged the digit in the lastNet Area(A.）,in.2mm2=Lw(6)place retained.where:10.1.2 When the digit immediately after the last place to beA=net area of coupon or specimen,in.2 mm2,retained is greater than or equal to 5,increase by I the digit inthe last place retained.L average length of coupon or specimen,in.mm,andW average width of coupon or specimen,in.mm.NoTE 17-As an example,density results are required to be reported tothe nearest 0.1 Ib/ft I kg/min 10.3.7.For inch-pound units,a9.5.2 Calculate net area for all other specimens,includingcalculated value of 130.85 Ib/ftshould be reported as 130.9 Ib/ft.For SIhollow units as follows:units,a calculated value of 2095.85 kg/m3 should be reported as2096 kg/m.Average Net Area(A).in.2=(V x 1728)/H(7)10.2 A complete report shall include the following generalAverage Net Area(A),mm2=(V x 10)/Hinformation:10.2.1 Name and address of the testing laboratory,where:10.2.2 Identification of the report and the date of issue,V=net volume of specimen,ft3 cm,10.2.3 Name and address of the client or the identification ofAn=average net area of specimen,in.2 mm2,andthe project,H=average height of specimen,in.mm.10.2.4 Description and identification of the test sample,NorE 16-In SI units,net volume is calculated in terms of cubic10.2.5 Date of receipt of the test sample,centimetres to be consistent with the reporting requirements of thisstandard.Net area,however,is calculated in terms of square millimetres10.2.6 Date(s)of test performance,in order to facilitate calculation of compressive strength in MPa which is10.2.7 Identification of the standard test method used,in-defined as N/mm.cluding edition,and a notation of any known deviation fromthe test method,9.6 Gross Area-Calculate gross area of each specimen as10.2.8 Name of the person(s)accepting technical responsi-follows:bility for the test report,Gross Area(A)in.2 mm2=Lx W(8)10.2.9 Age of test specimens,if known,5