ASTM_D_1695_-_07_2012.pdf

Designation:D169507(Reapproved 2012)Standard Terminology ofCellulose and Cellulose Derivatives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1695;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms,definition ofterms,descriptions of terms,nomenclature,and explanations ofacronyms and symbols specifically associated with standardsunder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings,Materials,and Applications;SubcommitteeD01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as fol-lows:SectionCellulosic Materials and Constituents3.1Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose3.2Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that areapplicable to both Sections 3.1 and 3.23.32.Referenced Documents2.1 The numerous ASTM Standards to which this standardapplies are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol06.03.2.2 TAPPI Standards:2TAPPI Method T 203 om-93 Alpha-,Beta-and Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp3.Terminology3.1 Cellulosic Materials and Constituentsacetylation pulpspulps used in the manufacture of celluloseacetate or other esters,and subject to various specificationsby the manufacturers,including those of purity,moisturecontent,sheet properties,and viscosity.alpha-cellulose(1)Historically,a term used to indicate thepure,relative undegraded cellulose found in pulps.(2)Alpha-cellulose content is often measured by TAPPI MethodT 203 om-93 where alpha-cellulose is that portion of thepulp which does not dissolve under the test conditions.alpha pulpssee chemical cellulose.arabana pentosan yielding essentially only arabinose onhydrolysis.arabinogalactana polysaccharide consisting of arabinoseand galactose units,like the water-soluble polysaccharide oflarch.arabinosea pentose that occurs as one of the sugar units insome hemicelluloses.arabinomethylglucuronoxylana hemicellulose containingarabinose,4-O-methylglucuronic acid,and xylose groups inits structure.beta-cellulose(1)Historically,a term used to indicate impu-rities of moderate chain lengths found in pulps,predomi-nately degraded cellulose.(2)Beta-cellulose content,asmeasured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93,is the pulpfraction soluble in caustic,which precipitates upon acidifi-cation.carbohydrates not cellulosethe noncellulosic carbohy-drates of a cellulosic material.cellophane pulpspulps used in the manufacture ofcellophane,and subject to various specifications by themanufacturers,including those of purity,moisture content,sheet properties,and viscosity.cellulose(1)the main solid constituent of woody plants;itoccurs widely elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom,and to asmall extent in the animal kingdom.(2)chemically,celluloseis-1-4 glucan of high degree of polymerization.It isdesirable to apply“cellulose”to this material only and todesignate the predominantly cellulosic residue obtained bysubjecting woody tissues to various pulping processes as“cellulosic residues,”“cellulosic pulps,”or the like.cellulose Ithe crystalline modification of cellulose thatnormally occurs in nature.cellulose IIthe crystalline modification of cellulose that isfound in mercerized cellulose,in regenerated cellulose,andin cellulose produced by the hydrolysis of various cellulosederivatives.cellulose IIIa crystalline modification of cellulose producedby treatment,under certain conditions,with ammonia or1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.Current edition approved June 1,2012.Published August 2012.Originallyapproved in 1959.Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1695-07.DOI:10.1520/D1695-07R12.2Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry(TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South,Norcross,GA 30092,http:/www.tappi.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 sometimes by amines.The method of removing the reagentdetermines the modification produced.cellulose IVa crystalline modification of cellulose producedby heat treatment of cellulose II.cellulose Xa crystalline modification of cellulose producedby treatment of cellulose with strong hydrochloric acid orphosphoric acid.cellulose,purified cottonsee cotton cellulose,purified.cellulose,purified woodsee wood cellulose,purified.chemical cellulosea chemically purified cellulosic materialthat is intended for chemical treatment to produce deriva-tives.chemical cottonchemical cellulose prepared from cotton;generally,but not necessarily,cotton linters.chemical pulpsin the paper industry,pulps produced bychemical processes,as contras