ASTM_D_1094_-_07_2013.pdf

Designation:D109407(Reapproved 2013)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forWater Reaction of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1094;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pres-ence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline andturbine fuels,and the effect of these components on volumechange and on the fuel-water interface.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.This standardinvolves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7.Before using this standard,refer to suppliers safety labels,Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD1836 Specification for Commercial HexanesD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eter2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2,Appendix B,Specificationfor Petroleum Spirits3.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 film,nthin,translucent layer that does not adhere tothe wall of the glass cylinder.3.1.2 lace,nfibers thicker than hairlike shred or of whichmore than 10%are interlocking,or both.3.1.3 loose lace or slight scum,or both(Table 2,Rating 3),nan assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface iscovered with more than 10%but less than 50%of lace orscum that does not extend into either of the two layers.3.1.4 scum,nlayer thicker than film or that adheres to thewall of the glass cylinder,or both.3.1.5 shred,nhairlike fibers of which less than 10%areinterlocking.3.1.6 shred,lace or film at interface(Table 2,Rating 2),nan assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface containsmore than 50%clear bubbles or some but less than 10%shred,lace,film or both.3.1.7 tight lace or heavy scum,or both(Table 2,Rating 4),nan assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface iscovered with more than 50%of lace or scum,or both,thatextends into either of the two layers or forms an emulsion,orboth.3.1.8 water reaction interface conditions rating,na quali-tative assessment of the tendency of a mixture of water andaviation turbine fuel to form interface films or precipitates.3.1.9 water reaction separation rating,na qualitativeassessment of the tendency of insufficiently cleaned glasswareto produce emulsions or precipitates,or both,in separated fueland water layers.3.1.10 water reaction volume change,na qualitative indi-cation of the presence in aviation gasoline of water-solublecomponents.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.Current edition approved May 1,2013.Published August 2013.Originallyapproved in 1950.Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D109407.DOI:10.1520/D1094-07R13.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute,61 New Cavendish St.,London,WIG 7AR,U.K.,http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 4.Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of the fuel is shaken,using a standardizedtechnique,at room temperature with a phosphate buffer solu-tion in scrupulously cleaned glassware.The cleanliness of theglass cylinder is tested.The change in volume of the aqueouslayer and the appearance of the interface are taken as the waterreaction of the fuel.5.Significance and Use5.1 When applied to aviation gasoline,water reaction vol-ume change using the technique reveals the presence ofwatersoluble components such as alcohols.When applied toaviation turbine fuels,water reaction interface rating using thetechnique is not reliable in revealing the presence of surfactantsw