ASTM_D_1102_-_84_2021.pdf

Designation:D110284(Reapproved 2021)Modification ofTechnical Association of Pulp and Paper IndustryStandard Method T 211 OM-80Standard Test Method forAsh in Wood1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1102;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash,expressed as the percentage of residue remaining after dryoxidation(oxidation at 580 to 600C),of wood or woodproducts.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Significance and Use2.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of themineral content and other inorganic matter in wood.3.Apparatus3.1 Crucibles,with tightly fitting lids,having a capacity of30 mL or more,shall be used.Platinum crucibles are preferred,but silica or porcelain crucibles may be used.3.2 Muffle FurnaceAn electric furnace is recommendedfor igniting the wood sample.A furnace fitted with an indicat-ing pyrometer,so that the desired temperature can bemaintained,is preferable.3.3 Analytical Balance,sensitive to 0.1 mg.3.4 Drying Oven,with temperature controlled between 100and 105C.4.Test Specimen4.1 The test specimen shall consist of approximately 2 g ofwood that has been ground to pass a No.40(425-m)sieve.Care shall be taken to ensure that it is representative of theentire lot of material being tested.5.Procedure5.1 Ignite the empty crucible and cover over a burner or inthe muffle at 600C,cool in a desiccator,and weigh to thenearest 0.1 mg.Place the 2-g test specimen in the crucible,determine the weight of crucible plus specimen,and place inthe drying oven at 100 to 105C with the crucible coverremoved.After 1 h,replace the cover on the crucible,cool ina desiccator,and weigh.Repeat the drying and weighing untilthe weight is constant to within 0.1 mg.During the cooling andweighing periods,keep the crucible covered to prevent absorp-tion of moisture from the air.Record the weight(crucible plusspecimen minus weight of crucible)as the weight of theoven-dry test specimen.5.2 Place the crucible and contents,with the cover removed,in the muffle furnace and ignite until all the carbon iseliminated.Heat slowly at the start to avoid flaming and protectthe crucible from strong drafts at all times to avoid mechanicalloss of test specimen.The recommended temperature of finalignition is 580 to 600C.Avoid heating above this maximum.5.3 Remove the crucible with its contents to a desiccator,replace the cover loosely,cool,and weigh accurately.Repeatthe heating for 30-min periods until the weight after cooling isconstant to within 0.2 mg.6.Calculations and Report6.1 Calculate the percentage of ash,based on the weight ofthe moisture-free wood,as follows:Ash,%5W1/W2!3100(1)where:W1=weight of ash,andW2=weight of oven-dry sample.6.2 Report the results to two decimal places.1This test method is currently under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on FundamentalTest Methods and Properties.Current edition approved April 1,2021.Published April 2021.Originallyapproved in 1950.Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D1102 84(2013).DOI:10.1520/D1102-84R21.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.17.Precision and Bias27.1 Data obtained by testing 60 wood samples in onelaboratory gives a repeatability as ash content of 0.03%and asa percentage of ash content of 6.6%.The range of ash contentwas from 0.16%to 0.84%.7.2 Reproducibility and comparability data are not avail-able.8.Keywords8.1 ash;wood productsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard.Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely t