ASTM_D_2175_-_97_2002.pdf

Designation:D 2175 97(Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBook Bulk and Book Bulking Number of Paper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2175;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method provides a means of determining thebook bulk and bulking number of printing paper under aspecified pressure.1.2 For thickness of single sheets or small packs of sheets,see Test Method D 645.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,and Related Product2D 645 Test Method for Thickness of Paper and Paperboard2D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing2D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products23.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.34.Summary of Test Method4.1 A stack of sheets of a specified height or a specifiednumber of sheets is placed between parallel platens,thespecified pressure is applied,and the distance between theplaten faces is read from an indicator.5.Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of book bulk by this test method isparticularly useful to book manufacturers and printers fordetermining the probable thickness of a book consisting of aparticular paper in a specified number of sheets or pages.6.Apparatus6.1 Testing Instrument,conforming to the following require-ments:6.1.1 Two Metal Plane Parallel Circular Concentric Faces,one movable,one fixed,and parallel to within 60.1 mm(0.004in.).The movable face,or platen,is 20 cm2(about 3 in.2)inarea.The fixed platen has a diameter equal to or larger than thatof the movable platen.6.1.2 Means by which the movable platen may be raised toseparate the platen faces by a distance of over 25 mm(about 1in.)and be lowered with a pressure of 250 6 10 kPa(36.3 61.4 psi).NOTE1It is convenient to be able to measure directly the bulk ofbooks up to 51 mm(2 in.)in thickness.Hence,a platen separation of thisamount is desirable.For some purposes,other pressures have been founduseful;it should therefore be possible to apply,maintain,and indicate thepressure to the nearest 10 kPa(about 1.5 psi)throughout the range from0 to 350 kPa(0 to about 50 psi).6.1.3 Means by which the distance between the platen facesmay be read,while under pressure,to the nearest 0.5 mm(0.02in.),with an accuracy of 60.25 mm(60.01 in.).7.Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Obtain a sample of the paper in accordance withPractice D 585,except use separate sheets for a test pack(testspecimen)when the test unit is in the form of cut sheets or cutthem from locations at least 300 mm(about 12 in.)apart whenthe test unit is in the form of a roll.7.2 The specimens may consist of sheets of any sizeconvenient for handling,but not less than 64 mm(about 2.5in.)square.The number of sheets required for each test pack isas follows:7.2.1 For procedure 10.1,the number of which the total bulkis desired to be known.7.2.2 For procedure 10.2,the approximate number that willbulk 25 mm(about 1 in.)under the specified pressure.7.3 From each test unit of the sample,prepare one test pack.8.Calibration8.1 Parallelism of the Platens:8.1.1 Place a metal block with parallel faces,25.4 mm(1in.)thick,centrally between the platens.Place four narrowmetal strips each of the same thickness and 20 to 50 mm longradially on the block at right angles with their inner ends1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Dec.10,1997.Published November 1998.Originallypublished as D 2175 64T.Last previous edition D 2175 93(1997).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 15.09.3Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,P.O.Box 105113,Atlanta,GA 30348.1Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.equidistant(10 mm)from the periphery of the platen.Applythe standard pressure and,by moving the outer ends of eachstrip angularly,check that the inner ends of the strips aregripped with the same force.8.1.2 Alternatively,cover both faces of a metal block withparallel faces about 25 mm thick and over 50 mm in diameterwith a sheet of filter paper and soft carbon paper.Applystandard pressure and rotate the block slightly.Disassembleand check that the carbon impre