ASTM_D_1857_-_D_1857M_-_17a.pdf

Designation:D1857/D1857M17aStandard Test Method forFusibility of Coal and Coke Ash1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M;the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval.A superscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-tures at which triangular pyramids(cones)prepared from coaland coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages offusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,mildly reducing,and where desired,oxidizing atmospheres.1.2 The test method is empirical,and strict observance ofthe requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtainconcordant results.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,eachsystem shall be used independently of the other.Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unlessotherwise noted.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of CokeSamples for Laboratory AnalysisD2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke from CoalD3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analysesfrom As-Determined to Different BasesD3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements inCombustion Residues from Coal Utilization ProcessesD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray FluorescenceD6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and MinorElements in Coal,Coke,and Solid Residues from Com-bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively CoupledPlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryD7448 Practice for Establishing the Competence of Labora-tories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling andAnalysis of Coal and CokeD7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal andCoke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis3.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are asfollows:3.1.2 fluid temperature,FTthe temperature at which thefused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with amaximum height of 1.6 mm 116in.as shown by the fifthcone,FT,in Fig.1.3.1.3 hemispherical temperature,HTthe temperature atwhich the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump atwhich point the height is one half the width of the base asshown by the fourth cone,HT,in Fig.1.3.1.4 initial deformation temperature,ITthe temperatureat which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remainssharp.In Fig.1,the first cone shown is an unheated one;thesecond cone IT is a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.3.1.5 softening temperature,STthe temperature at whichthe cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which theheight is equal to the width at the base as shown by the thirdcone,ST,in Fig.1.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.Current edition approved Aug.1,2017.Published August 2017.Originallyapproved 1961.Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D1857 17.DOI:10.1520/D1857-17a.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 4.Summary of Test Method4.1 Coal or coke ash,prepared by prescribed methods,ismixed wit