ASTM_D_2156_-_09_2013.pdf

Designation:D215609(Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forSmoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2156;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke densityin the flue gases from burning distillate fuels.It is intendedprimarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-sine or heating oils.It can be used in the laboratory or in thefield to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heatingequipment.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor,45-deg0-deg,of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Re-flectometry33.Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 smoke spot number,nthe number of the spot on thestandard scale most closely matching the color(or shade)of thetest spot.4.Summary of Test Method4.1 A test smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volumeof flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper.Thecolor(or shade)of the spot thus produced is visually matchedwith a standard scale,and the smoke density is expressed as a“smoke spot number.”5.Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smokeproduction in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this testmethod is that which has been found particularly pertinent tohome-heating application.It is more sensitive to small amountsof smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in thefollowing comparison:Smoke SpotNumberIcham,percentTransmissionRingelmanSmoke Number010002950480065408180900900 to 56.Apparatus6.1 Sampling DeviceA suitable device providing a totalflue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16C,101 kPa foreach 645 mm2effective surface area of filter paper shall beemployed.The sampling device and connections shall be ofsuch construction that the total travel of flue gas sample fromflue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm.The device shallprovide for cooling the sample below the charring temperaturefor the filter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment isillustrated in Fig.1 and Fig.2.6.2 Smoke ScaleThe smoke scale required consists of tenspots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9,ranging in equalphotometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray toblack,imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper orplastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and87.5%45,0 daylight luminous directional reflectance inaccordance with Test Method E97.The smoke scale spotnumber is defined as the reduction(due to smoke)in reflectedincident light divided by 10.Thus,the first spot,which is the1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.E0 on Burner,Diesel,Non-Aviation Gas Turbine,and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Oct.1,2013.Published October 2013.Originallyapproved in 1963.Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2156 09.DOI:10.1520/D2156-09R13.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.orgCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 color of the unimprinted scale,will be No.0,since in the caseof this spot there will be no reduction in reflected incident lightdirected thereon.The last spot,however,is very dark,reflectingonly 10%of the incident light directed thereon;thus in thiscase the reduction in reflected incident light is 90%,whichgives to this darkest spot the No.9.Intermediate spot numbersare similarly established.Limits of permissible reflectancevariation of any smoke scale spot shall not exceed 63%relative reflectance(Note 1 and Note 2).NOTE1Such smoke scales a