Designation:D4460−22StandardPracticeforCalculatingPrecisionLimitsWhereValuesAreCalculatedfromOtherTestMethods1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD4460;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.1.Scope1.1Materialandmixturepropertiessuchasairvoidsandvoidsinmineralaggregates(VMA)arecalculatedfromtwoorthreetestresults,combinedinsimplemathematicalrelation-ships.Thestandarddeviationequationsforthesecalculatedvaluescanbedevelopedusingamathematicalprocesscalled“propagationoferrors”(alsocalled“propagationofuncer-tainty”).Thispracticeincludesuncertaintyequationsforfourformsormaterialandmixtureequations:whentwotestresultsare(1)addedorsubtracted,(2)multipliedtogether,(3)onedividedbytheother,and(4)twotestresultsdividedbyathird.1.2Thisapproachtocalculatingstandarddeviationequa-tionsisonlyvalidwhenthedistributionsofthetestresultsfromthetwostandardsareindependent(thatis,notcorrelated).1.3Theaccuracyofacalculatedstandarddeviationisdependentontheaccuracyofthestandarddeviationsusedfortheindividualtestresultmethods.1.4Valuesforthemeanandstandarddeviationforeachtestmethodareneededtodeterminethestandarddeviationforacalculatedvalue.1.5ExamplesofhowtousetheseequationsareshowninAppendixX1.1.6Abriefexplanationofhowstandarddeviationequationsarederivedformorecomplicatedmaterialandmixtureequa-tionsisalsoincluded.1.7Thetextofthisstandardreferencesnotesandfootnoteswhichprovideexplanatorymaterial.Thesenotesandfootnotes(excludingthoseintablesandfigures)shallnotbeconsideredasrequirementsofthestandard.1.8Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafety,health,andenvironmentalpracticesanddeter-minetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.1.9Thisinternationa...
