ASTM_D_2281_-_10.pdf

Designation:D228110Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2281;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method2,3covers the determination of theefficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined inTerminology D459.This test method is applicable underlimited and controlled conditions,but does not necessarilyyield information correlating with specific end uses.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents3.Summary of Test Method3.1 A weighted cotton test skein is dropped into a tallcylinder containing a wetting agent of known concentrationdissolved in water.The time required for the cotton skein towet through and sink,relaxing the string stirrup to which it isattached will be recorded as the sinking time.This time relatesto the speed at which the wetting agent works and can be usedto compare agents.4.Apparatus4.1 Hook and Anchor:4.1.1 The hook of a standard weight and the attached anchorshall be prepared as follows:Bend a piece of No.10 B&S gagecopper wire about 2916in.(14.1 mm)long into the form of ahook as illustrated by A in Fig.1 and then adjust the weight ofthe bent hook to exactly 3.0 g.Nickel,silver,and stainless steelwire are even more suitable than copper for this purposebecause they are more corrosion resistant.The anchor,C,shallbe a flat,cylindrical,lead slug with a minimum weight of 40 gand shall have a diameter of 1 in.(25 mm)and a thickness ofabout316in.(4.7 mm).In the center of the anchor solder a loopof wire to serve as a small ring,or eye,for attaching the anchorto the hook with a fine linen thread,B,at a distance apart of34in.(19 mm).If many products are to be tested,prepare at leasttwo hooks and anchors.4.1.2 In the comparison of wetting agents a trial must be runto determine the surfactant concentration to give a meaningfulresult for sinking times between 1 min or less.5.Test Skein5.1 Test skeins for running the wetting evaluation can bepurchased from an appropriate supplier.5A Draves 40/2,5 gcotton skein is used for this testing method.6.Reagents6.1 WaterThe quality of the water used in the testing ofwetting agents must be given careful consideration.The stocksolution is best prepared with distilled or deionized water.When it is not known under what conditions the wetting agentis to be employed,distilled or deionized water may likewise beused for final solution.6.2 Wetting AgentNormally prepare 1 L of 5%activestock solutions of the agents to be tested.Take aliquot portionsof 10,20,50,and 100 g of the 5%stock solution,transfer toa 1-L volumetric flask,and dilute to the mark with distilledwater.This corresponds,respectively,to concentrations of0.05,0.1,0.25 and 0.5%of wetting agent.This range of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soapsand Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 onPhysical Testing.Current edition approved Sept.1,2010.Published September 2010.Originallyapproved in 1964.Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D2281 68(2005).DOI:10.1520/D2281-10.2This test method is based on the American Association of Textile Chemists andColorists Technical Manual,Test MethodsPhysical Properties,Wetting Agents,Evaluation of,Standard Test Method 17 1952,Vol XXXIX,1963,pp.B-133-B-135,which is also American National Standard L 14.11 1956 of the AmericanNational Standards Institute.3Draves,C.Z.,and Clarkson,R.G.,“A New Method for the Evaluation ofWetting Agents,”American Dyestuff Reporter,Vol 20,1931,pp.201208.4For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Testfabrics,Inc.,415 DelawareAve.P.O.Box 26,West Pittston,PA18643.If youare aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTMHeadquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr H