ASTM_D_2881_-_19.pdf

Designation:D288119Standard Classification forMetalworking Fluids and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2881;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1 This classification covers and is designed to standardizeand consolidate the terminology,nomenclature,and classifica-tion of metalworking fluids and related materials.1.2 Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal andforming fluids.These are the coolants and lubricants associatedwith both types of processes.1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of productquality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products,LiquidFuels,and LubricantsE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-tions3.Terminology3.1 For definition of terms used in this test method,refer toTerminologies D4175 and E2523.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 amorphous,adjpossessing neither a lattice nor crys-talline arrangement of atoms.3.2.2 crystalline,adjpossessing a lattice or crystallinestructure;that is,a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms inspace.3.2.3 emulsifier,na surface-active agent,or surfactant,that is at least partially soluble in both liquids(phases)of anemulsion,and thus stabilizes one in the other.3.2.4 emulsion,na relatively stable mixture of two immis-cible liquids,one of which is held in suspension in the other bysmall amounts of emulsifiers.3.2.5 functional additive,nin metalworking fluids,achemical substance formulated into a metalworking fluid toprovide one or more specific performance properties notinherently provided by the basestock.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFunctional additives include,but arenot limited to,antifoaming agents,antimicrobial pesticides,buffers,corrosion inhibitors,coupling agents,emulsifiers,lu-bricity additives,and metal deactivators.The number andrange of functional additives varies with the metalworkingfluid formulation,and can range from a single additive tonumerous additives in order to provide the performanceproperties specified by the fluid compounder.3.2.6 micelle,na colloidal aggregate of surfactant mol-ecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.3.2.7 petroleum oil,na naturally occurring hydrocarbonmix that was initially formed under pressure in the earths crustand is liquid at room temperature.3.2.8 straight oil,nin metalworking fluids,an oil,petro-leum or synthetic,which essentially contains no water and isneither emulsifiable nor miscible in water.3.2.9 synthetic fluid,na non-petroleum liquid that pos-sesses lubricating properties.It includes both man-made andnaturally occurring liquids.3.2.10 vitreous,adjhaving the appearance and propertiesof a glass;that is,a hard,amorphous,brittle structure.4.Significance and Use4.1 Metalworking may be divided into two general types ofprocesses,metal deformation(such as rolling)and metalremoval(such as grinding or cutting).This classification liststhe various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used todirectly provide cooling and lubrication in both types ofmetalworking processes.It is intended for use by those in1This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.L0.01 on Metal Removal Fluids and Lubricants.Current edition approved Jan.1,2019.Published January 2019.Originallyapproved in 1970.Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2881 12(2014).DOI:10.1520/D2881-19.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 metalworking or related industries who want t