ASTM_D_445-15.pdf

Designation:D445-15British Standard 2000:Part 71:Section 1:1996INTERNATIONALDesignation:71 Section 1/97Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision.the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperseript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.Department of Defense1.Scope*1.5 WARNING-Mercury has been designated by many1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causenation of the kinematic viscosity,v,of liquid petroleumcentral nervous system,kidney and liver damage.Mercury,orproducts,both transparent and opaque,by measuring the timeits vapor,may be hazardous to health and corrosive tofor a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through amaterials.Caution should be taken when handling mercury andcalibrated glass capillary viscometer.The dynamic viscosity,n.mercury containing products.See the applicable product Ma-can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity,v,byterial Safety Data Sheet(MSDS)for details and EPAsthe density,p,of the liquid.website-http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm-for addi-tional information.Users should be aware that selling mercuryNorE 1-For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosityand/or mercury containing products into your state or countryof bitumens,see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NoTE 2-ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445-03.may be prohibited by law.1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of theupon the behavior of the sample and is intended for applicationsafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theto liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear ratesresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-are proportional(Newtonian flow behavior).If,however,thepriate safery and health practices and determine the applica-viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear,differentbility of regulatory limitations prior to use.results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillarydiameters.The procedure and precision values for residual fuel2.Referenced Documentsoils,which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian2.1 ASTM Standards:2behavior,have been included.D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this testCapillary Kinematic Viscometersmethod is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s(see Table Al.1)D1193 Specification for Reagent Waterat all temperatures(see 6.3 and 6.4).The precision has onlyD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Spe-cific Gravity)of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometerbeen determined for those materials,kinematic viscosityranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to theD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Spe-precision section.cific Gravity)of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eter1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Spe-standard.The SI unit used in this test method for kinematiccific Gravity)of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillaryviscosity is mm-/s,and the SI unit used in this test method forPycnometerdynamic viscosity is mPa-s.For user reference,1 mm2/sD2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers106 m2/s 1 cSt and 1 mPa-s 1 cP 0.001 Pa-s.and Viscosity Oil StandardsD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of AsphaltsThis test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on(Bitumens)Petroleum Products,Liquid Fuels,and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Feb.1,2015.Published March 2015.Originallyapproyed in 1937.Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D445-14a.DOI:2 For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,or10.1520/D0445-15.contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMIn the IP.this test method is under the jurisdiction of the StandardizationStandards volume information.refer to the standards Document Summary page onCommittee.the ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrightASTM Intemational,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesD445-153.3.4.1 Discussion-Kinematic viscosity is the ratio be-a kinetic energy correction shall be applied in accordance withtween momentum transport and momentum storage.SuchSection 7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of Specificationsratios are called diffusivities with dimensions of length squaredD446.The kinetic energy correction shall not exceed 3.0%ofdivided by time and the SI unit is metre squared divided bythe measured viscosity.The automated apparatus shall besecond(m/s).Among the transport properties for heat,mass.capable of determining kinematic viscosity of a certifiedand momentum transfer,kinematic viscosity is the momentumviscosity reference standard within the limits stated in 9.2.1diffusivity.and Section 17.The precision has been determined for auto-3.3.4.2 Discussion-Formerly,kinematic viscosity was de-mated viscometers tested on the sample types listed in 17.4.1fined specifically for viscometers covered by this test methodand is no worse than the manual apparatus(that is,exhibits theas the resistance to flow under gravity.More generally,it is thesame or less variability).ratio between momentum transport and momentum storage.NoTE 3-Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurements for3.3.4.3 Discussion-For gravity-driven flow under a givenflow times as low as 10 s has been determined for automated instrumentshydrostatic head,the pressure head of a liquid is proportionaltested with the sample types listed in 17.4.1.to its density,p,if the density of air is negligible compared to6.2 Viscometer Holders-Use viscometer holders to enablethat of the liquid.For any particular viscometer covered by thisall viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly abovetest method,the time of flow of a fixed volume of liquid isthe lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in alldirectly proportional to its kinematic viscosity,v,wheredirections.Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offsetv=n/p,and n is the dynamic viscosity.from directly above the lower meniscus shall be suspendedvertically within 0.3 in all directions(see Specifications D4464.Summary of Test Methodand ISO 3105).4.1:The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to6.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant tempera-flow under gravity through the capillary of a calibratedture bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated onviscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closelythe certificate of calibration.See Specifications D446,seecontrolled and known temperature.The kinematic viscosityOperating Instructions in Annexes A1-A3.For those viscom-(determined value)is the product of the measured flow timeeters which have Tube L(see Specifications D446)heldand the calibration constant of the viscometer.Two suchvertical,vertical alignment shall be confirmed by using(1)adeterminations are needed from which to calculate a kinematicholder ensured to hold Tube L vertical,or(2)a bubble levelviscosity result that is the average of two acceptable deter-mounted on a rod designed to fit into Tube L,or(3)a plumbmined values.line suspended from the center of Tube L,or(4)other internalmeans of support provided in the constant temperature bath.5.Significance and Use6.3 Temperature-Controlled Bath-Use a transparent liquid5.1 Many petroleum products,and some non-petroleumbath of sufficient depth such,that at no time during thematerials,are used as lubricants,and the correct operation ofmeasurement of flow time,any portion of the sample in thethe equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of theviscometer is less than 20 mm below the surface of the bathliquid being used.In addition,the viscosity of many petroleumliquid or less than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath.fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage,6.3.1 Temperature Control-For each series of flow timehandling,and operational conditions.Thus,the accurate deter-measurements,the temperature control of the bath liquid shallmination of viscosity is essential to many product specifica-be such that within the range from 15C to 100C,thetions.temperature of the bath medium does not vary by more than0.02 C of the selected temperature over the length of the6.Apparatusviscometer,or between the position of each viscometer,or at6.1 Viscometers-Use only calibrated viscometers of thethe location of the thermometer.For temperatures outside thisglass capillary type,capable of being used to determinerange,the deviation from the desired temperature must notkinematic viscosity within the limits of the precision given inexceed 0.05 C.the precision section.6.4 Temperature Measuring Device in the Range from 0 C6.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1,whose specificationsto 100 C-Use either calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometersmeet those given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meet(Annex A2)with an accuracy after correction of 0.02 C orthese requirements.It is not intended to restrict this test methodbetter,or a digital contact thermometer as described in 6.4.2to the use of only those viscometers listed in Table Al.1.with equal or better accuracy.Annex A1 gives further guidance.6.4.1 If calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers are used,the6.1.2 Automated Viscometers-Automated apparatus mayuse of two thermometers is recommended.The twobe used as long as they mimic the physical conditions,thermometers,with corrections applied,shall agree withinoperations or processes of the manual apparatus.Any0.04C.viscometer,temperature measuring device,temperaturecontrol,temperature controlled bath or timing device incorpo-rated in the automated apparatus shall conform to the specifi-cation for these components as stated in Section 6 of this testmethod.Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted,however,