ASTM_D_3441_-_98.pdf

Designation:D 3441 98Standard Test Method forMechanical Cone Penetration Tests of Soil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3441;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of end bear-ing and side friction,the components of penetration resistancethat are developed during the steady slow penetration of apointed rod into soil.This test method is sometimes referred toas the Dutch Cone Test or Cone Penetration Test and is oftenabbreviated as CPT.1.2 This test method includes the use of mechanical coneand friction-cone penetrometers.It does not include the use ofelectric and electronic cones or data interpretation.1.2.1 The use of electric and electronic cones is covered inTest Method D 5578.1.3 Mechanical penetrometers of the type described in thistest method operate incrementally,using a telescoping pen-etrometer tip,resulting in no movement of the push rods duringthe measurement of the resistance components.Design con-straints for mechanical penetrometers preclude a completeseparation of the end-bearing and side-friction components.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.The values given in parentheses are providedfor information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluidsD 5778 Test Method for Performing Electronic FrictionCone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soil2.2Other Standards:USBR D 7020 Performing Cone Penetration Testing ofSoils-Mechanical Method Earth Manual,Part II,ThirdEdition,U.S.Department of the Interior,Bureau ofReclamation,U.S.Government Printing Office,1990“International Reference Test Procedure for the ConePenetration Test(CPT),”Proceedings of the First Interna-tional Symposium for Penetration Testing,ISOPT-1DeRuiter,ed.,Blakema,Rotterdam,ISBN 90 6191 8014,1988.3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 cone,nthe cone-shaped point of the penetrometertip,upon which the end-bearing resistance develops.3.1.2 cone penetrometer,nan instrument in the form of acylindrical rod with a conical point designed for penetratingsoil and soft rock and for measuring the end-bearing compo-nent of penetration resistance.3.1.3 cone resistance,or end-bearing resistance qc,ntheresistance to penetration developed by the cone equal to thevertical force applied to the cone divided by its horizontallyprojected area.3.1.4 cone sounding,nthe entire series of penetration testsperformed at one location when using a cone penetrometer.3.1.5 friction-cone penetrometer,na cone penetrometerwith the additional capability of measuring the local sidefriction component of penetration resistance.3.1.6 friction cone sounding,nthe entire series of penetra-tion tests performed at one location when using a friction conepenetrometer.3.1.7 friction ratio,Rf,nthe ratio of friction resistance tocone resistance,fs/qc,expressed in percent.NOTE1The friction ratio for mechanical penetrometers is not com-parable to the friction ratio measured by electronic or electrical penetrom-eter(Test Method D 5778).Users should verify that the application ofempirical correlations such as those predicting soil type from Rfare for thecorrect penetrometer.3.1.8 friction resistance,fs,nthe resistance to penetrationdeveloped by the friction sleeve,equal to the vertical forceapplied to the sleeve divided by its surface area.This resistanceconsists of the sum of friction and adhesion.3.1.9 friction sleeve,na section of the penetrometer tipupon which the local side-friction resistance develops.3.1.10 inner rods,nrods that slide inside the push rods toextend the tip of a mechanical penetrometer.3.1.11 mechanical penetrometer,na penetrometer thatuses a set of inner rods to operate a telescoping penetrometertip and to transmit the component(s)of penetration resistanceto the surface for measurement.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D-18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and RelatedField Testing for Soil Investigations.Current edition approved May 10,1998.Published January 1999.Originallypublished as D 3441 75 T.Last previous edition D 3441 94.1AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS100 Barr Harbor Dr.,West Conshohocken,PA 19428Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.Copyright ASTM3.1.12 penetrometer tip,nthe end sectio