ASTM_D_4040_-_10_2019.pdf

Designation:D404010(Reapproved 2019)Standard Test Method forRheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by theFalling-Rod Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4040;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behav-ior of printing inks,vehicles,and similar liquids that areessentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary roomconditions.1.2 For printing inks,which are typically non-Newtonian,this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity rangefrom about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s1.ForNewtonian liquids,the applicable viscosity range is about 10 to1000 P(1 P=0.1 Pas).1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in whichshear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to therod.A fully automatic instrument is described in Test MethodD6606.1.4 This test method,as does Test Method D6606,basescalculations on the power law model of viscosity.ISO 12644covers not only the power law but also the Casson andBingham models.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard statements,see Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D6606 Test Method for Viscosity and Yield of Vehicles andVarnishes by the Duke Viscometer2.2 Other Standards:ISO 12644 Graphic TechnologyDetermination of rheo-logical properties of paste inks and vehicles by the fallingrod viscometer33.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity,VD,nthe viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAshear rate of 2500 s1has been founduseful for printing inks and is specified in this test method.3.1.2 Newtonian,adjrefers to a liquid whose viscosity isconstant at all shear rates.3.1.3 non-Newtonian,adjrefers to a liquid whose viscos-ity varies with shear rate.3.1.3.1 DiscussionNon-Newtonain liquids may be eithershear-thinning(pseudoplastic)or shear-thickening(dilatant).Most printing inks are shear-thinning.3.1.4 shear rate,D,nvelocity gradient through thestressed liquid;the unit is 1/s or 1 s1.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn the falling-rod viscometer,shear rateis inversely proportional to fall time F per unit distance L overwhich a unit thickness x of the liquid is stressed:D=L/xF.3.1.5 shear stress,S,nshearing force per unit area;theunit is 1 g/cms2(1 dyne/cm2).3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn the falling-rod viscometer,shear1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings,Materials,and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved Jan.1,2019.Published January 2019.Originallyapproved in 1981.Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4040 10.DOI:10.1520/D4040-10R19.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25 W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036,http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 stress is proportional to total weight W per unit of shearing areaA times the gravitational constant g,in accordance with theequation:S=Wg/A.3.1.6 viscosity,V,nthe ratio of shear stress to shear rate.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe viscosity of a liquid is a measureof the internal friction of the liquid in motion.The cgs unit ofviscosity is 1 g/cms(1 dynes/cm2)and is called a