ASTM_D_3132_-_84_1996.pdf

Designation:D 3132 84(Reapproved 1996)Standard Test Method forSolubility Range of Resins and Polymers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3132;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the solubilityof resins and polymers in terms of the region of solubilityparameter and hydrogen bonding of solvents in which com-plete solution occurs.In some cases dipole moment of thesolvents may also be required to delineate more exactly theboundaries of solubility.1.2 This test method is applicable only if the test solutionsare of sufficient clarity and freedom from color to allowaccurate visual judgement of complete solubility and of lowenough viscosity for solution to take place.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For a specifichazard statement see Note 1 in 6.2.2.Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 The solubility parameter d of a substance is defined asthe square root of the“cohesive energy density,”or energy ofvaporization per unit volume:d 5DE/V!1/2(1)where:DE5 energy of vaporization,andV5 molar volume.The value of d for a volatile liquid can be calculatedaccurately from the latent heat of vaporization,or approxi-mately from its boiling point.Solubility parameter values forlarge number of solvents are available in Table 1.2.1.2 Solvents are also classified according to their hydro-gen bonding power,g.Numerical values for g may be derivedfrom spectroscopic analysis.In one method,2g is defined asone-tenth the wavenumber shift observed by Gordys tech-nique,3and values range from 0 to about 25.Another method,4which limits values of g to the range of 2.2 to 10,defines g bythe following equation:g 50.0359 3 Dn!1 2.2(2)where n is the wavenumber shift as determined by Gordysmethod.Hydrocarbons,halogenated hydrocarbons and nitro-hydrocarbons have low values of g;esters,ethers,ether-alcohols,and ketones are intermediate;and alcohols,amines,and acids have high values.2.1.3 The solubility parameter dm,of a mixture of solventshaving parameters,d1,d2,etc.,is a function of the molarfraction and molar volume of the components:d1x1V11 d2x2V2!/x1V11 x2V2!(3)in which x1and V1,x2and V2,etc.,are the correspondingmolar fractions and volumes,respectively.If the componentshave the same molar volumes(V15 V2),dm5 x1d11 x2d2(4)Thus,in a mixture of two components A and B having thesame molar volumes and solubility parameter values of dAanddBdm5volume percent A 3 dA!1 volume percent B 3 dB!100(5)2.1.4 Similarly,the hydrogen bonding value,gm,of amixture is determined by:gm5volume percent A 3 gA!1 volume percent B 3 gB!100(6)and dipole moment by:m5volume percent A 3 A!1 volume percent B 3 B!100(7)3.Summary of Test Method3.1 Solubility of resinous and polymeric materials is depen-dent upon the solubility parameter,hydrogen bonding,anddipole moment of the solvents.Solubility parameter is the mostimportant property of the three,followed by hydrogen bonding.Consequently,the solubility of most materials is sufficientlydefined by the area of solubility parameter and hydrogen1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paintand Related Coatings,Materials,and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.33 on Polymers and Resins.Current edition approved Aug.31,1984.Published January 1985.Originallypublished as D 3132 72.Last previous edition D 3132 72(1984).2Crowley,J.D.,et al,“A Three Dimensional Approach to Solubility,”Journalof Paint Technology,JPIRA,Vol 38,No.496,1966,p.269;Vol 39,No.504,1967,p.19.3Gordy,W.,“Spectroscopic Evidence of Hydrogen Bonds,”Journal of ChemicalPhysics,JCPSA,February 1939,February 1940,March,1941.4E.I.du Pont de Nemours&Co.,Bulletin PA 12-770,“Solvent FormulatingMaps for Elvacite Acrylic Resins,Serial A-70562,July 1970.1AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS100 Barr Harbor Dr.,West Conshohocken,PA 19428Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.Copyright ASTMbonding of true solvents.A material is insoluble or incom-pletely soluble in a solvent if its solubility parameter andhydrogen bonding properties fall outside this region.3.2 In this test method,the material is tested separately insolvents that cover the entire solubility diagram so thatboundaries of complete solubility can be determined.4.Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful for an emperical determina-tion of the solvent(s)in which a resin or polymer may bedissolved.This test method is also applicable to estimate thesolvents that may be useful for furt